Anthropology Exam Review

The scientific subject atomic number 18a of graciouss, Including their origins, manner and physical, ethnical and social development. heathenish Anthropology Explore how socialisation has shaped bulk In the bypast cartridge holders and sit day. Physical Anthropology Explore whither kind-hearted species came from, how our bodies developed In the present form, and what makes us unique. Psychology The scientific study of the human mind, mental states, and human behavior.Sociology The scientific study of human social behavior, including individuals, groups, and societies. Inquiry specimen A scientific model used to organize thoughts, observations and relevant scientific training leading us to new incredulitys and ideas. Identify the line or question Develop a hypothesis Gather selective informationrmation Analyze the data Draw conclusion Archaeology Excavate physical remains of past floricultures to understand and reconstruct them.Some study cultures with no written rec ord (prehistory) or study sites that have a recorded history to supplement their soul of the culture. Linguistic Anthropology Study human rows and how row affects and expresses culture. Ethnology The study of the origins and cultures of deferent races and piles. They be concerned with unification customs, kinship patterns, political and economic systems, religion, art, music and technology. around often study a culture by participant observation. valet vs..Primates Similarities Differences The bond surrounded by m new(prenominal) and infant is of import for survival domain are the only primates adapted to Bipedal Have a very long infant dependency period (Time until an individual eject reproduce) gentlemans gentlemans have the longest infant dependency period of whatsoever some other mammal Have eminence hierarchies and aggression among the males for access to victuals and females Humans are the only primates with a symbolic, spoken language and the physical ability of speech Groom or clean angiotensin-converting enzyme another Humans are the only primates who expire In groups and mate In pairs Communicate through facial expressions, touch, visualization, and body language Humans develop grasping feet, forward facing eyes and relatively large head words Pharmacology Study the anatomy and behaviors of make believeive primates. Paleontology The study of human ancestors based on evidence from distant evolutionary past. Human Variation Genetic differences between peck and populations to understand the differences between people. They analyze to find out how and why human beings are different and punish to understand these differences from an evolutionary perspective. Forensic Anthropology Help juristic agencies to identify human remains after mass disasters, wars, homicides, suicides, or accidental deaths. They are usu entirelyy paleontologists or archaeologists who have spent years studying human grind away and fossils. stopping poin t All of the perked behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals of a special(prenominal) society or population. Culture is Learned a We learn most thoughts, behaviors and values we keep to learn for our life Culture is Shared a If a group or society thinks or acts in particular ways, those become part of culture b If a sm tout ensemble group shares cultural value, they may blend in to a SUBCULTURE Share characteristics of the overall culture, but as well have important distinctive ideas and behaviors Culture Defines Nature a Culture after part limit, fulfill, disperse or in other ways influence our biological inescapably and inherited tendencies Culture Shapes how we perceive and Understand the World Ex.Intuit have many ways to describe snow because it was important to their survival Culture has Patterns a Cultures arent random collections of belief and behavior if one aspect castrates, so do others b Underlying cultures are certain core values and gentleman views that are usually taken for granted by members of the culture c We are often unaware of the values we hold because they attendm taken for granted(predicate) Unstructured Interview No questions are pre-established and the researcher has little aver over a respondents answers. Pros Allow researcher to psychometric test out his or her initial ideas and stack lead to a greater understanding of the military issue Cons May be deception between interviewer and interviewee Semi-structured Interview Go with an sketch of types of information wanted but not a strict heed of questions. Pros Good if you have one chance to meet the somebody Cons It can be easy to stray away from the topic you exact info on Structured Interview Use a set rock of questions that dont change. Should be used when researcher is very clear on the topic and other information is easily available.Pros Can be used efficiently by non-experts Does not require relationship Can produce arranged data Cons Cannot adapt to cha nge and are shuttingd questions May olfactory emotion limited answers Participant Observation Observes a group and participates as a member. Kinship Systems Bilinear A system of family descent where blood link and remediates of inheritance through both male and female ancestors are of touch on importance. Matrilineal Societies in which descent is traced through mothers rather than through fathers. ancestral A system in which family descent is reckoned through the blood associate of males. Types of matrimony Monogamy A relationship where an individual has one furnish. ProsOnly legal type of marriage in Canada Loyalty to each other Prevents sexually Transmitted Infections Cons Higher divorce drift Change partners over a lifetime High divorce and remarriage rate Polygamy A form of marriage that involves multiple partners. Pros Symbol of wealth and acquiring wealth Man is cared for by multiple people Enjoy company of copies Emotionally and financially problematical Unequal grapple Confusion of family Bridgewater (A cultural system where the groom must(prenominal) pay a father in order to marry his fille Polyandry A form of marriage with one wife and multiple husbands pros wads of space Sexual rights and economic responsibilities Can respond to different environmental and social constraints Cons Increased workload Must look after all husbands Love Marriage A person chooses who they want to marry.Choose your life partner Personal desires are important 50% percent divorce rate in USA, and 33% in Canada Families may not be close since one family may not like the other Arranged Marriage Someone else chooses the spouse for the person. Pros Only 5-7% divorce rate Close family ties, increase family households and parental support in maintaining the marriage Cons No real feelings of love for other person Couples personal desires arent as important devotion Cultural beliefs of the supernatural that people use to cope with problems of existence. Religious questions abet people to understand ultimate questions such as Why are we here? What is death? Why does evil happen to some and not others?Religion satisfies psychological needs common to all people in the faces of uncertainty Religion earmarks community and affirms a persons place in society, making its believers feel part of a community and giving them confidence Multiculturalism An ideology that states that all cultures are of equal value and would be promoted equally deep down the resembling nation. Acculturation The meeting of two or more(prenominal) cultural groups and the resulting cultural changes to each group. Assimilation Individuals want to have daily interaction with other cultural groups and leave behind their own cultural heritage. Schools of Psychology behavioristic psychology Behavioral conditioning in the forms of Greco-Roman and operant conditioning.Psychoanalysis ID Expresses sexual and warring instincts follows the pleasure tenet EGO Mediates between de sires of the old and the demands of the Superego follows the laity principle SUPEREGO Represents conscience and the rules of society the moral centre of the mind Humanism hierarchy of unavoidably Describes the theory of motivation, explaining that basic needs must be set up before higher-order needs become important. Safety Needs Belongingness and love Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Cognitive The mental process in the brain associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. Classical Conditioning Created by Ivan Pavlov A kind of learn that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CSS) is paired with an unfathomable stimulus (US) EX.Dog drooling test He knew he could get an unconditioned receipt (drooling) when he presented the unconditioned stimulus (food) To test his theory, Pavlov took a neutral stimulus (bell) and began to ring it at the kindred time that the dog received its food After a while, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food, a con ditioned stimulus, since it produced a conditioned response Operant Conditioning Created by B. F. Skinner A type of learning in which an individuals behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences EX. idler and pigeon experiment Skinner developed a box that had a streak on one wall When pressed, a food pellet savage into the cage Inside the box, a rat was rewarded with food each time it pressed the bar Within a short time, the rat was furiously peddling away hoarding its pellets in the cage Erik Erikson believed that humans continue to develop over their lifetime rather than just in their childhood.He also believed that individual growth depends on society, not well(p) personal experiences. trouble Disorder Affects a persons behavior, thoughts, emotions, and physical wellness. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Worrying, nervousness, tensity Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (COD) Obsessions and compulsions Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PUTS) After a person is expose d a traumatic event Depression Mood disquiet involving a pervasive, unhappy, or irritable mood. It is much more severe than Just unhappiness, and may interfere with a persons life if not treated. Bi-Polar Disorder A mental illness characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression.Behavioral Change Model Pre-contemplation Not thinking about or intending to change a problem Contemplation Aware of a desire to change a particular behavior Preparation The action is intended in the near future, typically measured as within the next thirty days natural process Marks the beginning of the actual change occurring Maintenance Maintaining this new behavior Attribution system We link the behavior of others to their disposition or to an immaterial situation. As a result, your interpretation of a person can be different than a friends view. We are more likely to attribute a persons behavior to their internal disposition rather than a situation.Fundamental Attribution scheme The tendency to overestimate the pretend of arsenal disposition and underestimate the impact of social influences when analyzing the behaviors of others. Social thinking affects behavior by affecting sensation and perception. (Sensation Activates sense receptors) (Perception Select, organize and interpret data). Attitude affects behavior Attitudes are infectious and can affect the people that are near the person, which in felon can influence their behavior. Motivation directs behavior towards specific goals. Mental health affects behavior by creating irregular social norms. Intrinsic Motivation relish to fare a task for its own sake.Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a task due to external factors, such as reward, flagellum or punishment. Attitude and Behavior Consistency scheme Assume that individuals need consistency between attitude and behavior. Change attitude by creating difference in knowledge and behavior. Learning Theories Study the influence of stimuli on oth er stimuli to create an emotional response. Change attitude by using classical and operant conditioning techniques. Social Judgment Theories Study how prior attitudes change the perspectives of persuasive messages that influence their persuasion. Changed attitude by taking fair and simple messages. Functional Theories Questions proposed of attitudes.Change attitude by creating inconsistency between an attitude and a function. Structural Functionalism Takes the view that various segments of society serve a designing for society as a whole they believe that social problems are temporary and institutions will improve over time. Sociologist Emilie Druthers Conflict Theory Expresses the view that power, not function, holds a society together. Society is seen as groups of people acting together in opposition and in this, may break out to bring about change. Sociologist Karl Marx Symbolic Interactions Focuses on how individuals learn about their culture how they subjectively interpr et, then act upon their social world.Sociologist Max Weber libber Sociology Focuses on women and gender equality in society. They emphasize a let on understanding of the social roles of men and women in different cultures. Sociologist Dorothy Smith special and Secondary Agents of Colonization Family The family is responsible for meeting the individuals basic needs and providing beliefs unavoidable to survive in this world. It is within the family structure that you are first introduced to right and wrong, proper and improper, and appropriate and inappropriate. The family shapes behavior throughout life, and is the first agent a person is introduced to. A family is any combination of two or more people who are bound together over time.Types of Families Nuclear Family A family that consists of spouses and their dependent children Extended A family system in which several generations live together in one household Lone-parent A family that consists of one family living with one o r more pendent children Blended Family A family in which break up partners with children from a previous union marry Same-Sex Family A family that consists of two individuals of the equal gender, with to without kids School/Work Lasts 12-20 years of an individuals life. School socializes children in knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to help them function in society. Work typically lasts until the age of 65 or until the person can retire. School and work teach attitudes, and habits, such as organization, responsibility, promptness, cooperation, and respect for authority.Peer Groups At age 2-3, children come into contact with their peer groups which brings along with it new personality types, behaviors and attitudes. Adolescent peer groups tend to influence colonisation to a greater degree due to the rapid change in society. Helps to understand relationships and situations like friendliness, compromising, dealing with disappointment, and coping with rejection. Culture and Religion all(prenominal) culture has a different perception of gender roles. Society mainly determines appropriate roles for a man or woman. Religion is an aspect of basal and also plays a socializing role in a persons life. It is usually introduced first Media Media influences what we say, how we say it, what we think etc.Positive Influences Informing us of new policies/laws, promoting bouncing eating and exercise, encouraging family values Negative Influences Focusing on prejudicial aspects, promotes negative behaviors Social Identity The way you define yourself to the world and to yourself. manner Stages Not everyone passes through them, nor do they have to occur in the same order Stereotype An exaggerated view or Judgment do about a group or class of people. Discrimination The act of treating groups of individuals unfairly based on their race, gender, or other common characteristics. disfavor An individual judgment, about or active hostility towards another social group. Formation of Discrimination Learned Theory Not innate Learned through colonization Children often carry prejudicial views until adolescence Can learn through media Competition Theory The key reason for discrimination is economic competition Whenever an economic crisis occurs, people assume immigrants are responsible Creates competition between unemployed and immigrants Frustration-Aggression Theory Shortcomings an individual experiences financially provides reason to resent a group that appear to have greater wealth Frustration can be displaced and turned into culture Can lead to escape goats Ignorance Theory Lack of personal and social experience can cause people to make incorrect assumptions about someone If we refuse to learn, we may see actions as strange or odd Norms Expectations about how people should behave. Sanctions Rules within a group that encourage or discourage certain kinds or behavior.Rioting Takes place because of civil disorder/social grievance. Panic An irrationa l response by individuals or a group that is caused by a stark event. Abnormal Colonization Child Abuse Physical Abuse fill out or inflicting personal harm inappropriately Neglect The failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life. Emotional Abuse Repeatedly criticizing or subjecting a child to an unhappy or disturbing environment. Feral Children bedraggled at a young age and were raised by animals. Ex. Joana Malay (Discovered at the age of 8 in her backyard, raised by dogs) discriminate Children raised in near isolation within human households.