Gangs and Violence in The Prison System Essay -- Criminal Justice

Gangs and Violence in the Prison SystemIntroductionGang forcefulness is nationwide and is one of the most prominent problems in the prison system of rules today. Gangs are known to attempt to control the prisons/jails, instill fear within the prison system and throughout the society, and bring negative attention to the system. Gang affiliated inmates comprise about 18 percent of the 18000 inmate population.(Seabrook) A growing verse of inmates and a large amount of them serving longer sentences for violent crimes suggest a notable increase in gangs and violence in the prison system in the upcoming future. HistoryPrisons began to bulge with gang members when states enacted tougher laws for gang-related crime in the mid to late 1980s.(Martinez) On one hand the laws enacted helped get gang members transfer the street, hardly in another way it backfired by not stopping the gangs activity. In many ways their number and power grew even more in prison.(Martinez) The problem of g angs and violence has been addressed many times throughout the years by the United States Correctional Board but the board has yet to present the problem seriously. BackgroundMost gang members in prisons are introduced to the gang life at an early age and enter prison a member, but some become a member once behind bars mainly for the protection the gangs are known to provide. Gangs are known to purposely browbeat other inmates, thus reinforcing the reason why one out of every ten male inmates becomes a member once behind bars. (Knox) Most of the slew who enter prison a member were sentenced for drug offenses. Prison gangs are well known for the handling of illegal substances, alcohol, or tobacco inside the correctional facilities, this is only a ... ... of Gangs and Security Threat Groups. National Gang Crime Research Center. 2005. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Martinez, Pila. Novel Attempt to Curb Prison Gang Violence. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 1 July 1999. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Prison Gangs -- Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness. Florida Department of Corrections. Florida Department of Corrections. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. . Seabrook, Norman. Prison Violence on the Rise. USA Today. Buisness Library, Sept. 2005. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. .Yanez, Dominick. Security Threat Groups in the Correctional System Overview. Sam Houston State University, Huntsville. 13 April. 2012. Lecture.

Death Penalty - Catholics and Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Catholics and Capital Punishment   Catholic opponents of the death penalty sometimes seem to lose sight of the primary decide of punishment. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says, Punishment has the primary aim of redressing the disorder introduced by the offense. If I commit a serious offense against society, I bring about a disorder, and the point of punishment is to reestablish the lost order. If I willingly accept my punishment, it assumes the value of expiation. And it can protect you from future crimes I might commit. The Catechism thus gives three conceptions of punishment defending public order, protecting people, and moral change in the illegal.   Paragraph 2267 reminds us that the traditional teaching of the church does non exclude resort hotel to the death penalty but then adds, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. This appears to make a secondary adjudicate of punishment override the primar y. That appearance has led to some fuzzy thinking. The correct meaning must be that the primary aim of punishment can be achieved short of exacting the death penalty. A single means-say, life imprisonment-restores the order lost by the crime, protects society against future crimes of the incarcerated, and gives the prisoner a chance to repent.   The dissever should not be read as making the protection of society trump everything else. Why? Because imprisonment protects society against future possible crimes. But the criminal cannot be punished for what he might do he is in prison because of what he has already done. If life imprisonment is to serve the primary purpose of punishment, it must, like the death penalty, be primarily justified as sufficiently redressing the disorder introduced by the offense.   Paragraph 2267 is concerned exclusively with a secondary purpose of punishment protecting society. Unless, as suggested, protecting society be taken to comprehend redressi ng the disorder. (Paragraph 2266 distinguishes defending public order from protecting peoples safety.) One sometimes hears in the clamor to end the death penalty that retribution is no longer the aim of punishment. But if there is no cause for retribution, punishment is unjust all(prenominal) that would excuse it is the fear that someone might in the future harm us and that solitude might better his soul.   Enthusiasm sometimes obscures the fact that the Catechism does not exclude recourse to the death penalty. However rare such recourse might be, even if it were only once in a millennium, it would have to be justified.

Fear and Hope in Marigolds :: Literary Analysis, Eugenia Collier

Eugenia Colliers Marigolds is a memoir of a colored girl living in the Great Depression. The story does non focus on the troubles society presents to the narrator (Elizabeth), but rather is focused on the conflict within her. Collier uses marigolds to show that the changes from childhood to adulthood causa fear in Elizabeth, which is the enemy of compassion and confide.Marigolds is about change. Collier chose a fourteen-going-on-fifteen (1) year old girl because the transition from childhood to adulthood adds layers of conflict to the story. The initially obvious conflict is that of the woman and child inside Elizabeth. She represents the child when she pulls up the marigolds The fresh smell of early morning and dew-soaked marigolds spurred me on as I went tearing and mangling and sobbing (5). She (as the child) is struggling inwardly over against being a woman. At the end of her rampage, she is more woman than child (1), and the child in her loses the battle. As a woman, she wi ns a kind of reality which is hidden to childhood (5). The second conflict is also symbolic. Elizabeth represents fear. She has the feeling that something old and familiar is ending and something unknown and therefore terrifying is ascendant (1). The marigolds represent hope. The reason for her great impulse towards destruction (4) was a combination of fear for the future and bitterness towards the past. In this conflict, fear wins because Miss Lottie never plants marigolds again (5). The third conflict is the most important. It takes place inside of Elizabeth and is also between fear and hope. At the end of the story, fear may win symbolically, but hope wins inside of Elizabeth In that humiliating moment I looked beyond myself and into the depths of another person. This was the beginning of compassion (5). Not only does Collier use age to defecate depth of conflict, but she also uses Elizabeths attitude. The first conflict (the transition from childhood to adulthood) could stand by itself. If Collier had created an optimistic character it would not produce allowed Elizabeth to have a struggle between fear and hope. By creating a pessimistic character, Collier shows that she is bitter and fearful. That is evident in her statement that her hatred of poverty was smooth the vague, undirected restlessness of a zoo bred flamingo who knows that nature created him to fly free (1).

Hard Times - The Theme of Education Essay -- English Literature

Hard Times - The Theme of EducationIn this wear round I intend to explain how Dickens is trying to representeducation in the mincing era and how he feels about the style ofteaching that is widely used during his times. I excessively intend to makereferences to how the representation of Victorian schools by Dickenscompares, historically to the actual conditions in a school from theVictorian era. As soon as the book begins we are introduced to a style of teachingthat is dependent only on facts. One of the main characters of thenovel is doubting Thomas Gradgrind and he is the enforcer of this utilitarianstyle of education and is described as a man who is very strict.Dickens introduces us to this character with a translation of his mostcentral feature his monotone appearance and attitude. Stick tofacts, sir This exclamation suggests that the character likes toshout and sound firm. The short, punchy sentence suggests an assertiveand strong character.Dickens also makes Gradgrind seem boring and grating by the gravellyand rough sound of his name and how it is pronounced. Grind, inparticular suggests the grindstone, and flogging away at nameconstantly and is associated with the mechanical, repetitive drudgeryof the factory system.Dickens also employs the outer appearance of Gradgrind to parallel theinner personality of Gradgrind, Square coat, square shoulders andsquare legs. This seems to spotlight Gradgrinds nature ofunrelenting rigidity. Dickens also uses tricolons to really exaggeratethe impression of this character being dull, boring and old fashioned.As a result, his educational ideas are seen to be dull and boring too.We get the overall impression from Dickens that he doesnt... ...stressed by the factory style approach to the children and theireducation. He exaggerates this to show the production line attitudeto education is wrong and does not help the child. He believes thatthe school in Hard Times treats all children the akin and there is noexception t o the rule. He sees it as a rather utilitarian styleapproach, a one size fits all kind of regime and believes that thissystem has obviously failed. His distress seem to turn to the kind ofanger a activist would show in a protest and in a way his writing ofthe book is his form of a protest which is made through humour. Hestrongly believes that children at such an early stage in theirchildhood are too young to be exposed to such a formal and rigorousstyle of education and should instead be allowed to chatter theiremotions and have their youthful imaginations nurtured.

Participation :: essays papers

Participation When the McDonalds patron in suburban Johnson County ordered a burnt umber and got a Coke, he came face to face with a midwestern United States labor pool truth. Non-English-speaking immigrants are an increasingly large part of the labor force -- not just in the Sun Belt states but in the upper Midwest as well. The fast-food worker, who spoke Spanish and had trouble understanding the mans order, was one of tens of thousands of Hispanics who entered the Midwest job market in the past decade. Without them, economists say, the long-running labor shortage, particularly in entry-level jobs, would be even more severe than it is. For some business patrons, the immigrant influx nub occasional difficulties in communication. For some business owners, immigrant labor -- both documented and undocumented -- is the only way to fill jobs that otherwise would go begging. The most new-fangled measure of unemployment in the Kansas City area, taken in May, was 2.8 percent. Missouri s jobless rate was 2.6 percent Kansas rate was 3.2 percent. Unemployment throughout the Midwest is well below 5.5 percent, which is considered full employment. Michael Barrera, chairwoman of the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Greater Kansas City, said the put up had charted an explosive growth in the metropolitan areas Hispanic, blue-collar, minimum-wage work force, especially in Olathe and northeast Kansas City. Also, Barrera said, the mid-nineties brought a large increase in the number of entrepreneurial Hispanic immigrants, seen particularly in the blossoming of small stores and restaurants in Kansas City, Kan., and northeast Kansas City. The Hispanic chamber has no estimate of the size of the areas Hispanic work force, but Barrera said the Hispanic population may have grown to as many as 100,000, up from 58,000 in 1996. Throughout the Midwest, Hispanic immigrants are finding work. Census data, updated in 1998, found that 220,000 workers in the West North Central states were of Hispanic origin, up from 93,000 10 years earlier. The Census Bureau defines the West North Central region as Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota. Similar findings were reported last week by the Bureau of National Affairs Inc. in its Daily Labor Report 2000 Regional Outlook on Labor Markets. The bureau said Illinois directly had the nations fifth-largest Hispanic population, the highest ranking among states not in the Sun Belt. In Illinois and the other Midwest states, the bureau said, Hispanic immigrants are working in construction, restaurants, small manufacturing and farming.

Participation :: essays papers

Participation When the McDonalds patron in suburban Johnson County ordered a coffee and got a Coke, he came face to face with a middle west labor pool truth. Non-English-speaking immigrants are an increasingly large part of the labor force -- not just in the Sun Belt states but in the upper Midwest as well. The fast-food worker, who spoke Spanish and had trouble understanding the mans order, was one of tens of thousands of Hispanics who entered the Midwest job market in the past decade. Without them, economists say, the long-running labor shortage, peculiarly in entry-level jobs, would be even more severe than it is. For some business patrons, the immigrant influx means occasional difficulties in communication. For some business owners, immigrant labor -- twain documented and undocumented -- is the only way to fill jobs that otherwise would go begging. The most recent measure of unemployment in the Kansas City area, taken in May, was 2.8 percent. Missouris light rate was 2.6 percent Kansas rate was 3.2 percent. Unemployment throughout the Midwest is well below 5.5 percent, which is considered full employment. Michael Barrera, president of the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Greater Kansas City, said the bedchamber had charted an explosive growth in the metropolitan areas Hispanic, blue-collar, minimum-wage work force, especially in Olathe and northeast Kansas City. Also, Barrera said, the 1990s brought a large increase in the number of entrepreneurial Hispanic immigrants, seen particularly in the blossoming of small stores and restaurants in Kansas City, Kan., and northeast Kansas City. The Hispanic chamber has no estimate of the size of the areas Hispanic work force, but Barrera said the Hispanic population may have grown to as many as 100,000, up from 58,000 in 1996. Throughout the Midwest, Hispanic immigrants are decision work. Census data, updated in 1998, found that 220,000 workers in the West northwest Central states were of Hispanic origin, up from 93,000 10 years earlier. The Census Bureau defines the West North Central region as Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota. Similar findings were reported last week by the Bureau of National Affairs Inc. in its free-and-easy Labor Report 2000 Regional Outlook on Labor Markets. The bureau said Illinois now had the nations fifth-largest Hispanic population, the highest ranking among states not in the Sun Belt. In Illinois and the other Midwest states, the bureau said, Hispanic immigrants are working in construction, restaurants, small manufacturing and farming.

Waiting for Godot

postponement For theologyot is a dissipation by Samuel Beckett in which the devil primary(prenominal) characters Vladimir and tarragon forbear for matinee idolot. Both men talk like they know who he is that also agree that if they were to overhear Godot they wouldnt recognize him. The stand for isnt one that I like but I do like the message that I perceived. In my opinion the play is about finding what makes you, you finding what you live for and finding God. Waiting For Godot takes place in a desolate ara where the twain men, Vladimir and Estragon wait near a tree.Vladimir, one of the important characters also goes by the nickname Didi given to him by Estragon. Didi seems to be more mature than his friend. Estragon or Gogo, has a poor memory and looks to Didi for help and protection. Pozzo is a blind man who passes by the two men but later doesnt recall coming together them. Pozzo has a slave named Lucky, although hes a slave hes entertaining and smart. afterwards in the play he becomes ignorant. There is also a boy who comes each wickedness to inform Didi and Gogo that Godot will not be coming but every night insists he hasnt come the night before.Lastly, Godot who never places in the play although hes being waited for. Through out the play Vladimir and Estragon just wait by a tree for Godot, a few people pass through and although Godot fails to appear the men still wait in fear that they world power miss him. This play is also a product of the Absurdist movement. The belief of the theater of the absurd is that without God human existence is meaningless. In these plays its mostly irrational and at sea communication. Man acts like a puppet, they have no meaning and atomic number 18 controlled by an infrared outside force.Godot is the outside force controlling what Vladimir and Estragon do because they sit and wait for him. There is no plot change and not much achievement in the play, its mostly conversation about random thoughts or ac tions. In my opinion I believe the play is boring, but the message portrayed is interesting. The source the play is dull is because each character has no meaning. The livelong play is basically conversation and nothing happens. Then again a lot of good messages come out of a whole lot of nothing. Didi and Gogo are simply two men and because they do not have Godot in their lives they are unless just two men.They have no meaning and the message in the play is that you have to find who you are, what you live for, and mostly that without God life has no meaning. In the play Waiting For Godot, Godot portrays God. Although you can not see God, its believed that hes an invisible force or soul that is always there. In the theater of the absurd it says without God life is meaningless. In this play Godot or God never shows up, therefore a sign that God isnt there and their lives were pointless and were being controlled by this fabricated belief. If Godot would have been there Didi and Go gos waiting would have been for a reason.Samuel Becketts play Waiting For Godot is a product of the Absurdist movement. The two main characters are waiting the whole m for Godot also thought of as God. Vladimir and Estagon have no meaning in their lives because Godot never shows up. None of the characters know where they belong in life or who they unfeignedly are because each character changes from on extreme to the other. Didi and Gogo are being controlled by the unknown which only proves how important believing in something is, although it cant be seen. The main point and meaning in this play is that without God, mankind is nothing.Waiting for GodotWaiting For Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett in which the two main characters Vladimir and Estragon wait for Godot. Both men talk like they know who he is but also agree that if they were to see Godot they wouldnt recognize him. The play isnt one that I like but I do like the message that I perceived. In my opinion the play is about finding what makes you, you finding what you live for and finding God. Waiting For Godot takes place in a desolate area where the two men, Vladimir and Estragon wait near a tree.Vladimir, one of the main characters also goes by the nickname Didi given to him by Estragon. Didi seems to be more mature than his friend. Estragon or Gogo, has a poor memory and looks to Didi for help and protection. Pozzo is a blind man who passes by the two men but later doesnt recall meeting them. Pozzo has a slave named Lucky, although hes a slave hes entertaining and smart. Later in the play he becomes ignorant. There is also a boy who comes each night to inform Didi and Gogo that Godot will not be coming but every night insists he hasnt come the night before.Lastly, Godot who never appears in the play although hes being waited for. Through out the play Vladimir and Estragon just wait by a tree for Godot, a few people pass through and although Godot fails to appear the men still wait in fear that they might miss him. This play is also a product of the Absurdist movement. The belief of the theater of the absurd is that without God human existence is meaningless. In these plays its mostly irrational and illogical communication. Man acts like a puppet, they have no meaning and are controlled by an invisible outside force.Godot is the outside force controlling what Vladimir and Estragon do because they sit and wait for him. There is no plot change and not much action in the play, its mostly conversation about random thoughts or actions. In my opinion I believe the play is boring, but the message portrayed is interesting. The reason the play is dull is because each character has no meaning. The whole play is basically conversation and nothing happens. Then again a lot of good messages come out of a whole lot of nothing. Didi and Gogo are simply two men and because they do not have Godot in their lives they are merely just two men.They have no meaning and the message in the play is th at you have to find who you are, what you live for, and mostly that without God life has no meaning. In the play Waiting For Godot, Godot portrays God. Although you can not see God, its believed that hes an invisible force or soul that is always there. In the theater of the absurd it says without God life is meaningless. In this play Godot or God never shows up, therefore a sign that God isnt there and their lives were pointless and were being controlled by this false belief. If Godot would have been there Didi and Gogos waiting would have been for a reason.Samuel Becketts play Waiting For Godot is a product of the Absurdist movement. The two main characters are waiting the whole time for Godot also thought of as God. Vladimir and Estagon have no meaning in their lives because Godot never shows up. None of the characters know where they belong in life or who they really are because each character changes from on extreme to the other. Didi and Gogo are being controlled by the unknown which only proves how important believing in something is, although it cant be seen. The main point and meaning in this play is that without God, mankind is nothing.

Learning theories Essay

Learning and development theories are conceptual frame ca-cas that are looked at how information is absorbed, processed and retain during learn. Through using different learning theories you are able to teach children in the classroom and develop and streng indeed them as a person not barely intellectually but socially as well. Theories provide information that can help teachers influence childrens learning by providing developmentally distract practice. In practice theories help to emend, enable, inform, provide for and explain, but too m both theories can create a very confusing picture.Neuroscientists believed that the genes we are born with visit the structure of our brains and that with the glacial structure determines the bureau we develop and interact with the world. However it has since been proven that its not the case at all and that we are sole(prenominal) born with the frame turn and what we put inside this frame engagement is completed over sentence and complet ely our cause choosing. Carol Dweck, who is widely know as whizz of the worlds leading researchers in the field of personality, social psychology and developmental psychology, believes that everyone has a growth or fixed mind-set.She believed that if you deem a fixed mentality you would moreover if achieve what you study you are good at. People with a fixed mindset are usually impertinent but wont argufy themselves anymore if they think they may fail at something. Where as with a growth mindset they ordain challenge themselves and stretch their brains and achieve goals they at first of all tack challenging. So children with the fixed mindset want to make sure they succeed. Smart people should succeed. But for children with the growth mindset, success is more or less stretching themselves. Its about becoming smarter (Dweck, 201217).During location I witnessed and followed the learning theories of Carol Dweck. Growth mind-set was widely used in the Year 2 classes and chi ldren were thinking about and developing their own learning. on that point was a display on the wall where each child had written their own learning challenge down on how they were going to grow their own brains. These were displayed at the front of the class where the children could read them everyday. I assemble this to be very inspiring as the children set their own learning challenge and reflected on this quite often to see how they were developing towards their own learning challenge.They had a challenge mountain and when a child was progressing towards their learning challenge they would climb the mountain. The children completing this were only six and seven divisions old. The challenges might of only been something as small as learn to write little or use finger spaces but these were challenges that they needed to develop in order to help them progress with their own learning challenges. People in a growth mindset dont just seek challenge, they thrive on it. (Dweck, 201 221) Children in the year two classes could make the choice of challenging work or work they knew they would find easy.The children responded well to this by wanting to complete the more challenging work and you would hear them say they wanted to grow their brains. This was actually pleasing to see as you could see children who wanted to learn and wanted to grow their own mindset. The children were more autocratic about their own learning and in truth enjoyed challenging themselves in order to grow their own brains. There were the children however that didnt think they needed to challenge themselves as they already thought they were smart enough and knew everything. These children really didnt like it when they were wrong and really saw themselvesas a failure to the point they would get upset.This really reflected what Carol Dweck had state about fixed mindsets and how they see themselves as failures unlike growth mindset where they would just learn from it and see it as a challe nge of how they can improve their work abutting time. This is something the children would do at the end of each lesson. They would write themselves a challenge at the bottom of their work of how they would improve their work next time. Entity theorists (fixed mindset) are performance and achievement oriented, and so they personalise failure, blaming their own lack of ability.In future, their mindsets say, avoid any situation in which you might fail, as you will no longer look clever. They will therefore become risk-adverse in their learning, choosing options which are easily attainable so that they can continue to define themselves as clever. Failure undermines motivation for these students and achievement-related praise will only reinforce this self view. (Robins, 201255). In subjects the fixed mindset children had seen previous failure, you would see them become much quieter and hap into the back ground unlike lessons they would know they achieve more in.The difference between the fixed and growth mindset children was that the growth mindset children would throughout any lesson thrive to learn and challenge themselves even if they did make mistakes. They would be the ones answering questions even if they were unsure of the answer and challenging the teacher with their own challenging questions. The fixed mindset children would only answer questions they definitely knew the answer too. At the end of each lesson children would mark their own work using the success criteria they had created as a class, and then set themselves a challenge to help toimprove the work they had completed.This is something that has been inspired by the work of Shirley Clarke and her formative assessment work. The work of Shirley Clarke and Carol Dweck both work well together in the classroom and go hand In hand with the development of children and their own growth mindset. With the influence of Shirley Clarke and assessing your own work and then with Carol Dweck and thinking abou t how you could improve and grow your brain by improving the work you have completed. These two theories really reflected the overall work that the children had completed and the pull up stakess were really inspiring to see.For some children they found this easy to set themselves a challenge, but for some they found it quite difficult as they would think their work doesnt need improving. This is when you could see the fixed mindset children in the class. The children who already thought they were smart enough. The only down fall I found with the children writing their own challenges for their work was that they never got to act upon this challenge that they had set themselves all the time. The work would be completed but then never examineed for improving this with the challenge they had setthemselves.One thing I did when I was breeding a lesson and I got them to write their own challenges was I got them to relook at their work and review the challenge they had written down at t he start of the next lesson. This then really got the children to stretch their brains as they were actively improving their own work. The growth mindset is something I would take forward with my teaching career as I find it very inspiring that children are able to set their own challenges In order to grow their own brains. Doing this right and inspiring the children to think with the growthmindset can really help children to develop more than they thought they could.I wish this was something that I had been introduced to in primary school as I may of challenged myself more and wouldnt of not completed work I found to be too hard for myself to complete. Going forward I set myself the challenge of reading and researching this theory more and going forward onto my next stance think of panaches I could slowly introduce this when I am teaching a class and see if the results really do reflect how I feel this theory does work.Behaviourism is an different theory that is widely used with in primary schools day in andday out. Behaviourism (which is also known as stimulus-response) is based upon the simple notion of a relationship between a stimulus and a response, which is why doingsist theories are often referred to as stimulus-response theories.Behaviour can be controlled with rewards and sanctions, rules or expectations and the role of the teacher and their own behaviour. Behaviourist experts such as Bruner, Skinner and Pavlov all have different theories of constructive behaviour and these have been used within a classroom environment. In Pavlovs famous experiments, when a bell rang, dogs salivated. Your pupilsalmost do the alike(p). When the bell ring they instinctively pack up and try to leave the classroom, leading to the classic teachers phrase the bell is for me and not for you (TES (2014) Pavlov was born1849 his primary interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. Pavlov used second and using a bell with dogs to train them when it was ti me for their dinner. With this the dogs in time learned to salivate at the sound of the bell without even having to see the intellectual nourishment in front of them. This is the same within a school environment to a certain degree. Children are taught that the whistle or bellused in the play ground in the morning is the start of school.That each bell after that is a different time of day such as happen time, dinner time, afternoon break or the end of school. You would have the children in year 2 asking you if it was 10. 40am yet. This is because even though they couldnt tell the time properly they knew that at 10. 40am it was break time as this was something they had been told by the teacher. Children are taught routine of a the school week by using a diagram displayed as they come into the class in the younger classes, to the children in older classes knowing the school day by remembering.For example they might know that on a Monday that they start with the register, then its a ssembly, phonics, etc. With this children know the routine of the day and week. The only thing with this is that when the routine changes the children can become confused. During the week they had their Christmas rehearsals the children really couldnt understand why they were not completing their normal subjects of phonics or literacy etc. Skinner was born1904 and was influenced by the work of Pavlov. He took what Pavlov used and influenced the use of rewards and sanctions to reinforce positive behaviour.Skinner maintained that rewards and punishments control the majority of human behaviours, and that the principles of operant conditioning can explain all human learning (Pritchard,2014). In the class of year two, they would be rewarded with their names on the smiley board if they were well behaved. You could see the children eager to get their names on the smiley board as after three ticks would result in the children having a visit to the head teacher. This was positive in the sens e the children knew that with good behaviour and hard work they would be rewarded.The use of stickers is only a smallthing to an adult, but to children they are really happy to receive one for good behaviour and will show everyone who will look what they have received. I could also see the negative to this as well. The use of the smiley and grumpy board wasnt always used to the best advantage. Some children would display the same behaviour as someone who had previously got their name on the board but then wouldnt be rewarded the same way.For some children this then lacked the fillip to behave in the way they should and would become less interested. Rewards and sanctions need to be consistent in order to have the impact a teacher wants to care the behaviour and learning within the classroom. After seeing this on the first six weeks of placement I decided I needed to change the way in which I managed the behaviour of the children on my return for the last two weeks.Skinner argued tha t if pupils were consistently praised (positive reinforcement) for learning or behaving in a certain way they would behave in the same way again, thus creating conditions which are optimal for producing the changes called learning and allowing the teacher to influence the behaviour of pupils at will without resorting to punishment. (Robins, 201222)There was a seminar on behaviour management in the gap between placements and we were shown a video of an outstanding teacher displaying different positive techniques for controlling behaviour. He would praise good behaviour and also reinforce expectations if they were not being followed. I found this very inspiring as the teacher himself had a positive influence on the children and their behaviour not only towards him, but throughout taught lessons. I actually stole some of the techniques he had displayed and made them my own.When returning to placement I was given the challenge of teaching the other yeartwo class, which had a lot of lowe r ability and fixed mindset children in. I had a range of rewards and sanctions to help me manage the behaviour of the children. Buttons in the jar was a huge success as children really responded to the idea of a team perspiration and filling the jar up with buttons as a class rather than just an individual reward. Rewards need to have value to children otherwise there really is no point in them trying to achieve something they dont really want. I asked the children what it was they would like to receive as a reward at the end of the two weeks.This was amuch dampen response and throughout the two weeks the children really worked together to collect the buttons in the jar. With this I wasnt only rewarding the best in the class but also the children who had tried their hardest or had worked well with their talk partners. At the end of each lesson I would then reward these children with a raffle ticket. The more raffle tickets they collected the better the chance they had of winning a prize. This gave the element of chance to the children, meaning that even if you only had one raffle ticket you was still in with a shot of winning the prize.Thisreally got the children involved and throughout the two weeks the improvement in the behaviour had dramatically changed. The children would respond to me much quicker when I wanted them to look and listen to me and the way they worked together changed as well. They would really praise each other and if someone won a raffle ticket you would hear the rest of the class praising that child for their reward. Using these techniques really helped me to be seen as a teacher statues on placement and this is something I would moving forward really concentrate on, whether its on my next placement or in my teaching career.Behaviourism is something that has really helped teachers control and manages the class in which they are teaching. With the use of rewards and sanctions and positive reinforcement it is very clear to see that child ren will respond better and the learning will improve as children are much more positive towards their own learning. Following on from this I would like to set me the targets of researching and observant theories used within the classroom. This will not only grow my brain on learning theories but will also strengthen me as a teacher going forward into my teaching career.I will have a better understanding of the learning styles of children and be better able to fishing rig the challenges teachers face everyday. Bibliography TES Pedagogy using theories in the classroom (2013) http//newteachers. tes. co. uk/news/pedagogy-using-theories-classroom/23183 (assessed April 2014) Gill, R (2012) Praise, motivation, and the child, Rout ledge. Dweck, S (2012) Mindset, Robinson. Pritchhard, A (2014) Ways of learning, Learning theories and learning styles in the CLASSROOM. third EDITION, ROUT LEDGE. Doherty and Hughes (2009) Child Development Theory and Practice 0-11, Pearson Education LTD.

Marine Protected Areas: Are They Generally Effective

Whether coral reef devil dog defend aras real protect at pretend species is an important issue to consider. Knowing the answer could lead to a better ability to answer other questions about marine environments. For example, a more than defined correlation could be made between the increasing number of shark attacks in coastal areas and the overfishing of marine populations on which sharks subsist.The effectiveness of marine defend areas (MPAs) is of key wideness in assessing whether certain efforts to protect at risk species actually name. Given that 70% of the planet is covered in ocean, species in world(a) habitats are certainly affected by the biological status of marine environments. The growing degradation of biodiversity and biomass in earths marine ecosystem could be driving sharks to find more fulfilling meals in non-traditional feeding areas coastal areas that humans use for recreation.The topic therefore deserves research because the very actions of terrestrial species, like humans, may generate harmful long-term effects. In essence, users of marine resources are demonstrably interested in the relative short-tem gains from marine ecosystems while ignoring long-term effects of over-usage. Yet, setting aside areas to protect later on or from over-usage does not necessarily mean all marine species are protected. More important, the enforcement of marine protected areas (MPAs) conflicts with socio-economic issues in communities that currently fish them or did so in the past.The mainstream condition Marine-protected Areas It Takes a Village, Study Says, looks at just how much society may assume about the extent of protection at risk species receive. When told an area is protected it is logically assumed that no fishing takes place in an MPA. To that end and by way of explanation, this article posits that the issue of protection actually depends on the consideration of at least three factors. The factors are as follows (1) how affective is t he management of a MPA (2) whether management takes into account socio-economic effects on local communities and (3) whether the socio-economic effects will complicate enforcement of an MPA.In essence, the article attempts to tell the audience that MPAs are made more effective for the consideration given up local socio-economic issues. The article implies that on average MPAs are not as effective as hoped and even hazards and explanation. For example, government controlled MPAs, invisible to a community propose two straightaway dangers to the MPA by reason of invisibility. The community is both unaware of the benefits of avoiding overfishing and equally ignorant of methods of MPA enforcement.The article ultimately surmises that on a large scale, consideration being given to all marine protected areas, the most effective means of preserving species diversity, number and size would involve applying both the methods of traditionally managed systems (MPAs for small areas) and permanen t marine protected areas (usually large). In such a scenario permanent MPAs would benefit species with slow overfishing recovery times while rewarding small communities for their efforts at conservation and allowing them to see its organize benefits.The source for the mainstream article was a cartoon published in Current Biology, entitled A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. This article of course takes a more scientific approach in making its argument. Therefore, it is unsuitable for a mainstream audience reading at different levels of comfort with scientific and statistical terminology.It looks at four types of MPAs in addition to four reasons why the areas presumably offer ineffective protection for certain species. Its use of graphs and tables, largely meant to reify the field of views argument for a scientific audience, all support the argument that the success of MPA enforcement decides its effectiveness.The mainstream article apparently makes use of the summary and conclusion in the scientific articles content but glosses over its conclusions. The scientific article never implicitly states, as does the mainstream, that a combination of traditionally managed systems and permanent MPAs are important to protecting biodiversity. Rather, the mainstream article calls for a more simplified approach to what the scientific article implies is quite complicated. The institution of effective MPAs are complicated by how enforcement will be carried out in the face of the social, economic, and cultural context of communities in the center of areas designated as important to the maintenance of coral reef biodiversity.To most extent the mainstream article captures the essential points of the scientific article. For example it accurately conveys to readers that enforcement of MPAs is more complicated than designating an MPA. The mainstream article, despite its brevity, also manages to inform readers that there a re different kinds of MPAs and that they work differently to solve problems.Take permanent MPAs which protect species at risk from overfishing. However, the mainstream article is guilty of minor sensationalism. The research this article is based upon looks at solutions for small, stranded communities as well as the benefits of permanent MPAs. It does not, as the mainstream article erroneously extrapolates, propose a combination of methods of traditionally managed systems and permanent MPAs, toward achieving biodiversity.A possible expediency upon the essentially good summarization, provided by the mainstream article, would include a definition of an MPA at its beginning. A more satisfactory conclusion would include a reminder that the findings of the case it summarized, applied to small, economically isolated communities. The conclusion could also inform readers of the larger implications of the study by referencing the fact that California is enjoying moderate success in its fund amental law of MPAs along its entire coast (Transforming Ocean Policy, 2006). The above would then provide supporting evidence for the highly probable tendency of mainstream readers to assume findings in the study are applicable outside of the small communities it examines.With regard to Californias efforts to establish MPAs along its coast only time will indicate success, hence, the importance of routinely researching the effectiveness of any efforts in wildlife conservation. It is particularly important to assess the enforcement of MPAs in the effort to maintain coral reef biodiversity as terrestrial and marine species do not operate in mutual exclusivity of each other.To that end, enriching ones understanding of the interdependence of terrestrial and marine ecosystems requires a measure of caution. Mainstream readers may get a fairly accurate but slightly sensationalized view of a scientific finding. In essence, readers are tempted to consider findings applicable beyond the param eters of the experiment for which they exist. In my experience, media representations of science deserve a measure of skepticism and any findings consideration only within the parameters of the study they relate to. ReferencesMcClanahan, Timothy R., Marnane, Michael J., Cinner, Joshua E., & Kiene, William E. (2006).A comparing of marine-protected areas and alternative approaches to coral-reefmanagement. Current Biology, 16, 1408-1413.Marine protected areas it takes a village, study says. (2006). Wildlife Conservation Society.Retrieved October 4, 2006Transforming ocean policy doing for oceans what Teddy Roosevelt did for the land. (2006).The Ocean Conservancy. Retrieved October 4, 2006 from http//www.oceanconservancy .org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8731&news_iv_ctrl=0&abbr=issues_&JServSessionIdr007=hg383i2kx3.app7b.

Introduction to Information Security Essay

Security Domains and StrategiesSafety of data and information is a real important aspect of a company. Before we can create an outline for cosmopolitan tribute solutions we must first define what is needed. I recommend that we use a multi-layered security plan. There are a total of seven domains of an IT al-Qaeda including user domain, workstation domain, LAN domain, LAN-to-WAN domain, WAN domain, remote overture domain, and system/application domain. User domain is essenti every last(predicate)y the people who access the information system. User domains track down to receive risk due to the users carelessness due to lack of awareness, not caring for policies, and security violations. These can easily be ascertain with training. Conduct security awareness training, display security posters around the office, and send email reminders to keep the policies fresh in the employees mind. some other common panic is caused by employee misuse of the system. Employees might insert USB drives, or download photos music and videos. These items might contain viruss which in turn damages the system. The USB ports should be disabled and content filtering and antivirus scanning should be enabled. Workstation domain is any device that connects to the interlocking. A few threats might be encountered are unauthorised access to the workstation and unauthorized access to applications and data. These issues can be mitigated simply by enabling password protection on workstations and by defining strict access nurse policies. LAN domains are a collection of computers connected to one another. Threats for LAN domains include unauthorized access to the LAN, and unauthorized access to systems applications and data. The solutions for these threats are similar to that of the workstation domain. Another major threat are confidentiality of data transmissions via WLAN connections is compromised.Implementation of encryption between workstation and WAP is crucial. LAN-to-WAN domain is w here the infrastructure links to a wide area network and internet. A few issues include unauthorized network probing and port scanning. To resolve this issue disable ping, probing and port scanning on all exterior IPdevices within the domain. Another major issue is unauthorized access through the LAN-to-WAN domain. Simply applying strict security monitoring controls for intrusion and contracting and preventing would solve this problem. WAN domains connect remote locations. For these types of domains it is easy for open, public and accessible to anyone that wants to connect. Create new laws regarding unauthorized access to the systems, malicious attacks on the infrastructures and financial wrong due to malicious outages. Another issue is that most internet traffic is sent in clear text. To prevent this prohibit using the internet for hole-and-corner(a) communications without encryption and VPN tunnels. Remote access domain connects remote users to the infrastructure. Threats for t his type of infrastructure are brute force user id and password attacks, multiple logon retries and access control attacks. To stop this from occurring creates user id and password policies requiring periodic changes. Set up automatic blocking for attempted logon retries. System/application domain holds all the comminuted systems, applications and data. Unauthorized access to data centers, computer rooms and wiring closets is a major issue for this domain. Apply policies, standards and procedures for staff and visitors. The servers must sometimes be leave off down to perform maintenance. Create a system that brings together servers, storage and networking. These are a couple things that I have outlined that would make this multi-layered security plan a success. We must know the various threats for each layer and how to resolve each layer. This plan will greatly save the company notes as well as lawsuits due to information leakage.

Genetics of Alcoholism. Does Alcohol Dependence Depend of Race

Alcoholism is very all known occurrence that have a place in every culture. Modern medical definitions take out alcoholism as a disease and addiction which results in a persistent use of alcohol despite negative consequences. Although this definition do non specify current and on-going use of alcohol as a qualifier for alcoholism, some do, as well as remarking on the long-term effects of consistent, solemn alcohol use, include dependence and symptoms of withdrawal. Psychiatric inheritedists John I. Nurnberger, Jr. and Laura Jean Bierut suggest that alcoholism does not have a single causeincluding geneticbut that genes do play an important role by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with peerless another and with an individuals life experiences to elicit protection or susceptibility. They also report that fewer than a dozen alcoholism-related genes have been identified, but that more likely await discovery. At least one genetic test exists for an allelomor ph that is correlated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Human dopamine receptor genes have a detectable variation referred to as the DRD2 TaqI polymorphism.Those who possess the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs like alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not by itself an adequate predictor of alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence for DRD2 is contradictory. Also, studies indicate that the proportion of men with alcohol dependence is higher than the proportion of women, 7% and 2. 5% respectively, although women are more vulnerable to long-term consequences of alcoholism.Around 90% of adults in United States consume alcohol, and more than 700,000 of them are treated daily for alcoholism. Professor David Zaridze, who take the international research team, calculated that alcohol had killed leash jillion Russi ans since 1987. In the United Kingdom, the reduce of dependent drinkers was calculated as over 2. 8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that about 140 million people throughout the world suffer from alcohol dependence and dominant number of them is European people. 70% of Asian people, according to Svetlana Borinskaya PhD.Laboratory worker of institute of General Genetics behalf of the Vavilov, have a particular gene that works as a shielder from alcohol addictive syndrome. My hypothesis statement is that Asian people are less predisposed to become an alcohol addictive that European people. In order to test my hypothesis I go forth use an try outal method. In my experiment I will need two groups of participants, both groups will be experimental. First group will contain 100 participants that belong to European race, morsel group will contain 100 participants that belong to Asian race with Asian gene of alcoholic protector.In my experiment I will try to sele ct in general alike participant from the physical sort point of view. Also they should not be active alcohol users or they should be people that never taste alcohol. There are criteria for participants males, 25-35 years old, cant over 70-90 kg, height 170-190 cm, average constitution, good health, average social status and average economical status. Experiment will last two calendar months. In the beginning of my experiment I will place participants in two houses. During experiment they will have five use of goods and servicess per day breakfast, dinner, snack, lunch and supper.Then every day before ingestion they will receive portion of vine- 400 g. and also they will have an access to vine. Vine intake before ingestions and free access to vine will lasts one month in the second month we will stop access to vine and also in taking vine before ingestion. And during whole this month observe their behavior. After second month of experiment we will give them a portion of vine. Also directly after experiment we will ask them to evaluate their self-appraisal about them from the alcohol dependence point of view.Then according to participants reaction to final portion of vine and also refers to a self-appraisal of participants we will collect and then analyze data. There are three expected outcomes of the research First, European people will demonstrate less tolerance to alcohol dependence then Asian people and it will misbegot that my hypothesis is right and Asian gene is worked as alcohol dependence protector. Second, there will be no difference between European and Asian people from the tolerance to alcohol dependence point of view it will mean that Asian gene do not influence to alcohol protector mechanism.Third, European people will demonstrate higher tolerance to alcohol dependence then Asian people, it will mean thatAsian gene do not influence to alcohol protector mechanism or works inversely than that we suppose.

Sustainable Transport Policy

1. Developing Countries and glamourationTransportation in create countries is considered to be a signifi open firet influence on major world-wide issues, m either of which are associated with the state of the purlieu and of human bread and butter. According to Gwilliam (2003), ontogeny countries are taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies, but the developed countries are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico. Cities within development countries are different in their stinting, governmental and demographic aspects. However, frugal improvement can plump to offshoot in the alley and pack infrastructure but vehicle ownership slows this rate (Gwilliam, 2003). The alert city structure and political history means that most of these cities are unable to provide efficient mass deifications function callable to scatter pockets (Gwill iam, 2003). The speedily growing state is related with a below average proportion of the land that is allocated for enthral.Whilst other sectors, such as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, acid problems can be seen to worsen with economic development (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). It can be difficult to examine common urban embarkation issues in developing countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, integrity of the important trends is population growth the population density rate in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to increase to 60% by 2025 developing countries have a massive share of this rate of about 90% (Road Management & design Journal, 1998).Further more than, any increase in the population leads to an increase in cristal problems, such as car ownership which has risen in developing countries in recent years along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars this also relates to economic growth (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or trine wheels is also rising, curiously in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of pollution (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of worthy public transportation brass to match the population growth is a nonher issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its contrast with capital cost. Hence, another phenomenon emerges which is a citys sporadic growth without following a regular pattern. It makes it difficult for people to gain use from mass transportation and means that the city needs excess provisions for public transport and to improve the access to transport. However, these transportation trends are influenced strongly by environmental and social standards which are completely linked to intent quality and production. These involve over-crowding, energy consumption, ai r pollution, and traffic crashes (Road Management & Engineering Journal, 1998).2. Transport problemsThe fundamental social and economic actions are peoples mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of transportation used worldwide and their numbers have grown massively in developing countries especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and road infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are traffic congestion, environmental issues, safety and poverty.2.1. CongestionThis phenomenon is common in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increase car ownership has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities fix the rate of car use and congestion as thos e in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average travel speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased travel time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in one-way roads is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, while in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ownership growth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be smart than population growth it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003).According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex kindred between urban growth and transport services. Currently abou t 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasingly, and developing countries share approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up about 14% of the satellites population, equivalent to about one billion people in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. Urbanization could be observed at a higher level in North Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilities and poor vehicle quality (Abuhamoud, ibid).This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the countrys rapid economic growth. It is expected that this figure will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to peoples immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy because the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle stock was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries this was 24% in 2002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system.Much more can be done to combat congestion, such as encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas improving transport quality between cities stopping transport subsidies in cities impr oving road perplexity and structure by devoting a sufficient land for roads improving traffic management and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus stations by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and past mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could offer a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999).2.2. Environment problemsTransport and movement have a direct impact on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human health. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and Santiago, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can inflict serious legal injurys to the public health. In concomitant to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines outline and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from incr eased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to peoples health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003).According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of oil which means an increase in CO2 emissions which directly causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people worldwide for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing life threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the of import cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy victimization and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately 140% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nati ons (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the main source for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003).Additionally, there are a large number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwilliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of todays transport seems unsatisfactory in the take forability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanitys health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010).The environment can be improved by worki ng to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest inspection and maintenance (I/M) programme, using new motorcycle engineering, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for fuck upoline consumption (Gwilliam, 2003).2.3. SafetySafety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injured due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victims mental state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a driver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this country (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far as the road space. This has been apply in most cities in China. The deficiency of bicycle paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010).However, transport safety and tribute can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gw illiam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced through improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable teeming for all road users.2.4. PovertyThe distributional impacts of transport developments which have lowerd to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walking although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the main modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make less trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Adviso ry services, 2010).Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of split up quality transport which can increase the opportunity for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians path surface and pavement design could befriend safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to raise attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport network in cities (Gwilliam, 2003).3. Transport and lifeAs the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and essential spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and peoples mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into history what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements.4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 mode ChangeThe transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of nursery gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorization and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and humour change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). Climate change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the future (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are m odes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages peoples tendency to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24%, which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expected to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management & Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emiss ions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through improving fuel technology and finding a mode-shifting solution (Wright and Fulton, 2005).4.2. Peak OilPeak oil is another issue worth mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in price of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an broad oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007).Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from policy interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are positive(p) impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008).ConclusionIt is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects on the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), using new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into consideration the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to keep the current public and non-motorised transport running, in arrange to developing future sustainable transport and to protect the climate and the energy. ReferencesAbuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., & Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa A review. The Social Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63. online http//docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf accessed October 22th 2013.Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and trade countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. online http//www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf accessed October 26th 2013.Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy & transport Policies Sectio n. online http//www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf accessed October 24th 2013.Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change a review. Journal of transport geography, 15(5), pp. 354-367. online http//www.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf accessed October 26th 2013.Cheng, H., & Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in Chinas urban development Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), pp. 119-126. online http//pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauthdivAbstract accessed October 25th 2013.Dargay, J., Gately, D., & Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide 1960-2030. The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. online http//www.xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf accessed October 25th 2013.Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice, 33(7), 671-689. online http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051 accessed October 22th 2013.Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. online Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893.Umwm7XCb55g accessed October 20th 2013.Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), pp. 154-166. online https//webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf accessed October 23th 2013.TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management & Engineering Journal. online 1-800-777-2338 http//www.usroads.com/index.html accessed October 22th 2013.Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. online http //www.sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary accessed October 20th 2013.Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. online http//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html accessed October 26th 2013.Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. online http//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html accessed October 26th 2013.

Fashion in the 17th Century

Fashion in the early 17th century followed up on the trends from previous centuries. However, later on styles began to change fairly and the overall trend through the midcentury targeted softness and comfort to allow for easier movement. People still valued rich materials, but they set asunder the rigid formality of earlier years. These changes in fashion reflected the rising charm of France, with its free sense of style.French King Louis XIV helped make France the leash fashion influence of the century as he built it into an economic power by refusing to import luxury goods and by encouraging French industries to become Europes biggest producers of these. Soon France was the leading exporter of silk, ribbons, lace and wigs. Louis surrounded himself with a huge court, who competed to wear the most tasteful and elegant clothes at lavish balls hosted by the King.Louis himself was renowned for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets. His precursor Louis XIII co ntributed to the introduction of wigs among men, which became fashionable for the first time since the Egyptians. Though preferred styles were simpler, French fashion was still quite ornamental. Religion played an important piece in the English conflict and in Europe as a whole. Those who favored the new ornamental and lavish clothing styles came to be known as Cavaliers, who fought in support of King Charles I.Their style soon was associated with a political position that favored the Catholic religion and a strong king. Another congregation was known as the Roundheads, who fought in support of the Parliament and favored Protestant religions. They avoided ornamentation and excess associated with Cavaliers and instead turned to sober colors and less adorn fabrics. The most extreme Roundheads were the Puritans, who favored black clothes, simple fasteners, and clean lines.

Emergent Literacy

Addressing Emergent Literacy Skills in English-Language Learners Children who atomic number 18 learnedness English as a indorsement address and live in spots where linguistic communications other than English are spoken are known as English- actors line learners (ELLs). Therefore, it is imperative that preschool personnel be trained to fight down the rising literacy skills that prepare preschoolers to enter kindergarten ready to learn to read (Garcia & Gonzalez, 2006). Emergent literacy skills are believed to come up during preschool years for most(prenominal) children, when they are in the process of becoming literate.The National Early Literacy Panel (2004) identified alphabet knowledge, phonologic awareness, writing/writing name, verbal language skills, and concepts about print in preschool children as predictors of later reading material and writing success in elementary school children. To achieve success, ELLs must be in environments in which The first language a nd literacy are not only valued, but enriched in a planned and authoritative manner. Instruction in English as a second language (ESL) is targeted to the childs English-language developmental level speckle also being challenging. Teachers are knowledgeable about the normal processes of ESL development and literacy development in bilinguals. The course has a strong home-school connection that departs parent training and views parents as resources. Emergent Literacy Skills are form into four domains Print-Knowledge Print knowledge refers to a childs growing witnessing of the relationship between the form and tendency of print (e. g. , Adams, 1990 Print knowledge has been associated with reading ability in English as a second language in ELLs (Klingner, Artiles, & Barletta, 2006).Exposure to different print in different languages helps the child connect writing to his or her native language and culture and also raises the awareness of the symbolic and arbitrary nature of writt en language. phonological-Awareness Phonological awareness is the understanding that oral language can be broken up into individual speech communication, words into syllables, and syllables into individual sounds, or phonemes (Bradley & Bryant, 1983.ELLs with strong phonological awareness skills in English demonstrated a high potential for reading achievement in later years (e. g. , Genesee, et al. , 2005). Writing Emergent Writing is considered a childs first experience with writing. Childrens early experiences in experimenting with different forms of writing support later reading and writing success. Oral-Language Oral language provides the building blocks for literacy.Children who do not develop these subject matter language skills lack some of the most fundamental skills essential for reading (Catts, Fey, Zhang, & Tomblin, 1999 They must develop these skills in a language they do not speak while still acquiring emergent literacy skills and oral language skills in their native language. Therefore, one of the most precise emergent literacy skills for ELLs to develop is oral language in the native and second languages. Strong native language skills predict oral language, reading, and writing skills in the second language (e. g. , August, Carlo, Dressler, & Snow, 2005 Carlo et al. 2004). Strategies for Improvement Improving emergent literacy in preschool ELLs requires the use of planned instruction or activities that address the prerequisite skills in the two languages, develop strong oral language skills, and connect home with school. Inclusion of bilingual print awareness and writing activities in preschool also will allow ELLs to develop skills in both languages and to increase awareness of different writing systems. ELLs also need to build language proficiency in order to connect phonemic awareness, writing, and letter knowledge to language that they understand.Oral Language Skills To alter oral-language skills and facilitate emergent literacy skill d evelopment, ELLs need to build vocabulary, oral language comprehension, and production. This context presents a occupation for ELLs because they often do not continue to develop their native language unless those skills are stimulated in their home environment and used for instruction in school (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, & Blanco, 2007). ELLs entering preschool require language-rich environments that focus on overall language development.If the school focuses on English acquisition of colors and shapes, the child is missing critical development of literate language like stories and vocabulary in the native language and may not have strong foundations for second language acquisition. To build vocabulary skills, explicit and implicit instruction is unavoidable (Schwanenflugel et al. , 2004). Books build not only vocabulary but also text structure knowledge and primer coat that prepare children for academic success. Dialogic reading can also be used to help ELLs build twinge la nguage, especially in the native language, and to acquire the second language.It is important to provide parents with training to help them understand the role of native language in overall academic, language, and literacy development, for cultural identity, and in English acquisition. Building language and emergent literacy in ELLs requires a planned and systematic approach to address the native and second languages and to provide parents with needed resources and support. Systematic and planned bilingual language and literacy instruction promotes growth in the two languages and does not impede or slow English-language acquisition.

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Using Social Media Essay

The advantages ground on my own experiences, there are several advantages for marketers to use social media as part of their marketing communications strategies. Social media represent a revolutionary new trend in communication. More and more populate begin to use social media to communicate. It is freer, more convenient, faster and cheaper than the old ways, people overly terminate get more information what they want, what is more, people can get in blot with their friend easier. For the company, it can face to their target market precisely. Social media hold a great count of customers information, through the information that people share, company can easily know customers hobbits and the goods they like.Social media also maturation the communication between customers and marketers. association can get lots of users feedback information and use that information to meliorate their product. It also help the organization leave a good impression in customers minds. One of the well-nigh important things is that social media not only can help companies advertising well but also nearly have no monetary values. What social media bring for the company cannot be measured but the cost of it is really low. It lowers the companys advertisement costs.Read moreEssay on advantages and disadvantages of social mediaDisadvantages Based on my own experience, the disadvantages or risks for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing communications strategy are as follows. Companys web page can be attacked by hackers and viruses it may lose companys important information, company may lose their competitive advantages. Customers can be deceived by the false information online and the extra information may let them get annoyed. The veto comments may damage companies image.The use of the internet may cause the reduction of production efficiency, because employees may crabbed use the internet to solve the problem online or update their software so that wast e times. Company should learn how to handle a social media and that may waste companys time. Because the social media is not a face to face communication, so it can have many incredible situations, the information may be not real, the likelihood of people been fooled are greatly increased.

Traditions in British Culture

Traditions in Britain culture Britain is full of various types of traditions. They have been around for hundreds of years. When most people theorise of Britain they think of eating Fish and Chips, or drinking tea and wearing bowler hats. There is a lot more to it than just that. St. Georges day is one of the most important days for England. It is know as their national day. April 23rd is when St. Georges day is celebrated. St. George is the patron saint of England, he protested against the Romans torture of Christians and died because of his beliefs.On Sundays the of import meal of the day is often eaten at midday instead of in the evening. This meal usually is a Roast Dinner consisting of roast meat, Yorkshire pudding and two or three kinds of vegetables. Symbols that identify British Culture include The three national symbols The Union Jack The flag of the United Kingdom, it dates back to 1603. When James VI (6th) of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones. Joining tog ether the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in a personal union. The Red move It is the national flower of England. And the three Lions Crest also cognise as the Royal Arms of England The three golden lions on a red background, symbolizing England The Royal Family Queen Elizabeth, Prince Phillip, Prince Charles, Prince William, and Prince Harry. Royal Guards Life Guard, buttocks Guard and Beefeater On the Streets of England Red double decker buses, Black taxi cabs, Pillar box (Post Box) and call in Box SongGod Save the Queen is the English anthem, it can also be known as God save the King when the Monarch is a male. When sung people usually solitary(prenominal) sings one or two of the pens, since over the years many people have contributed into adding another verse into the song. The many candidates for authorship on this song include John Bull, Thomas Ravenscroft, Henry Purcell, and Henry Carey. notes The pound sterling, often simply called the pound, is the currency of the United Kingdom. It is subdivided into 100 pence. Singular form is a penny) reproduction British children are required by law to have an education until they are 16 years old and after that they are free to not go to school. Education is compulsory, but school is not. Children arent required to attend school, but the only other option is to be educated at home. The main(prenominal) school holidays are Christmas (2 weeks long), Spring- 2 weeks long, and summer that is 6 weeks long. There are also one-week holidays that are at the end of October, the middle of February and the end of may.

North American Indian Religions Essay

North American Indian religions rely on icons to give meaning to the immediate environs and the cosmos in general. Icons as well symbolize the elemental powers of nature the spirits, the supernatural world, and the forests. In addition, icons also describes valet de chambres relationship with the so-called autocratic Being. In many North American Indian religions, the Supreme Being occupies an integral role in value formation.The Supreme Being is the foremost source of godliness and tribal authority. Indeed, in totems, the Supreme Being occupies the highest position by virtue of power and seniority. Icons can also be analyzed in terms of its social and cultural sense. Icons represent the general values of a community that is, imprinted images of cherished values. The more revered icons are, the more respected are accepted values in the tribe.Culturally, icons are imprinted beliefs that is, they symbolize mans immediate concerns about the environment. These concerns are as fo llows survival initiatives, self-conceit and belongingness, and self-admiration. Icons serve to remind man that his natural habits are still active. Objectives To determine the use of icons or images in North American Indian religions To define the relationship between the use of icons and the immediate environment

A Dirty Job Chapter 1

This book is dedicated to Patricia Moss, who was as generous in sharing her death as she was in sharing her liveness.ANDTo hospice workers and volunteers all over the world. violate ONETHE SORRY BUSINESSWhat you seek, you shall neer find.For when the Gods made man,They kept immortality for themselves.Fill your belly.Day and night generate merry,Let Days be full of joy.Love the child that holds your hand.Let your wife delight in your embrace.For these alone are the concerns of man. The Epic of Gilgamesh1BECAUSE I COULD NOT STOP FOR DEATH HE well-disposed STOPPED FOR ME Charlie Asher walked the earth like an ant walks on the surface of water, as if the slightest misstep might put him plummeting through the surface to be sucked to the depths below. Blessed with the Beta Male imagination, he spent much of his conduct squinting into the future so he might spot ways in which the world was conspiring to bolt down him him his wife, Rachel and now, newborn Sophie. But despite his at tention, his paranoia, his ceaseless fretting from the moment Rachel peed a blue stripe on the gestation stick to the time they wheeled her into recovery at St. Francis Memorial, Death slipped in.Shes non breathing, Charlie said.Shes breathing fine, Rachel said, patting the babys punt. Do you deprivation to hold her?Charlie had held baby Sophie for a few seconds earlier in the day, and had handed her quickly to a adjudge insisting that someone more qualified than he do some finger and toe counting. Hed do it twice and kept coming up with twenty-one.They act like thats all there is to it. Like if the electric s put one acrossr has the minimum ten fingers and ten toes its all going to be fine. What if there are extras? Huh? Extra-credit fingers? What if the kid has a tail? (Charlie was sure hed spotted a tail in the six-month sonogram. Umbilical indeed Hed kept a hard copy.)She doesnt have a tail, Mr. Asher, the nurse explained. And its ten and ten, weve all look into. Perhaps you should go home(a) and raise up some rest.Ill still love her, even with her extra finger.Shes perfectly normal.Or toe.We really do exist what were doing, Mr. Asher. Shes a beautiful, healthy baby girl.Or a tail.The nurse sighed. She was short, wide, and had a tattoo of a glide up her right calf that showed through her white nurse stockings. She spent four hours of all(prenominal) work day massaging preemie babies, her hands threaded through ports in a Lucite incubator, like she was handling a hot spark in there. She talked to them, coaxed them, told them how special they were, and felt their hearts fluttering in chests no bigger than a balled-up pair of sweat socks. She cried over every one, and believed that her tears and touch poured a bit of her own life into the tiny bodies, which was just fine with her. She could spare it. She had been a neonatal nurse for twenty years and had never so much as raised her voice to a new father.Theres no goddamn tail, you imbecile Lo ok She pulled down the blanket and aimed baby Sophies bottom at him like she might unleash a fusillade of weapons-grade poopage such as the guileless Beta Male had never seen.Charlie jumped back a lean and nimble thirty, he was then, once he realized that the baby wasnt loaded, he straightened the lapels on his gabardine jacket in a gesture of righteous indignation. You could have removed her tail in the rescue room and wed never know. He didnt know. Hed been asked to leave the delivery room, first by the ob-gyn and finally by Rachel. (Him or me, Rachel said. One of us has to go.)In Rachels room, Charlie said If they removed her tail, I want it. Shell want it when she channels older.Sophie, your Papa isnt really insane. He just hasnt slept for a couple of days.Shes looking at me, Charlie said. Shes looking at me like I blew her college money at the track and now shes going to have to turn tricks to get her MBA.Rachel took his hand. Honey, I dont hold her eyes can even focus th is early, and besides, shes a little young to start worrying almost her turning tricks to get her MFA.MBA, Charlie corrected. They start very young these days. By the time I figure give away how to get to the track, she could be old enough. God, your parents are going to hate me.And that would be different how?New reasons, thats how. forthwith Ive made their granddaughter a shiksa.Shes non a shiksa, Charlie. Weve been through this. Shes my daughter, so shes as Jewish as I am.Charlie went down on one knee next to the bed and took one of Sophies tiny hands mingled with his fingers. Daddys sorry he made you a shiksa. He put his head down, buried his face in the crook where the baby met Rachels side. Rachel traced his hairline with her fingernail, describing a tight U-turn around his narrow forehead.You need to go home and get some sleep.Charlie mumbled something into the covers. When he looked up there were tears in his eyes. She feels warm.She is warm. Shes supposed to be. Its a mammal thing. Goes with the breast-feeding. wherefore are you crying?You guys are so beautiful. He began arranging Rachels dark hair across the breathe, brought a long lock down over Sophies head, and started styling it into a baby hairpiece. It will be okay if she cant stir hair. There was that angry Irish singer who didnt have any hair and she was attractive. If we had her tail we could transplant plugs from that.Charlie Go homeYour parents will blame me. Their bald shiksa granddaughter turning tricks and getting a business breaker point it will be all my fault.Rachel grabbed the buzzer from the blanket and held it up like it was wired to a bomb. Charlie, if you dont go home and get some sleep right now, I swear Ill buzz the nurse and have her throw you out.She sounded stern, alone she was smiling. Charlie liked looking at her smile, always had it felt like approval and license at the same time. Permission to be Charlie Asher.Okay, Ill go. He reached to feel her forehead. D o you have a febricity? You look tired.I just gave birth, you squirrelIm just concerned most you. He was not a squirrel. She was blaming him for Sophies tail, thats wherefore shed said squirrel, and not doofus like everyone else.Sweetie, go. Now. So I can get some rest.Charlie fluffed her pillows, checked her water pitcher, tucked in the blankets, kissed her forehead, kissed the babys head, fluffed the baby, then started to rearrange the flowers that his mother had sent, moving the big stargazer lily in the front, accenting it with a spray of babys breath CharlieIm going. Jeez. He checked the room, one last time, then plunk for toward the penetration.Can I bring you anything from home?Ill be fine. The ready kit you packed covered everything, I think. In fact, I may not even need the fire extinguisher.Better to have it and not need it, than to need it Go Ill get some rest, the doctor will check Sophie out, and well take her home in the morning.That seems soon.Its standard.Shoul d I bring more propane for the camp stove?Well try to make it last.But Rachel held up the buzzer, as if her demands were not met, the consequences could be dire. Love you, she said.Love you, too, Charlie said. Both of you.Bye, Daddy. Rachel puppeted Sophies little hand in a wave.Charlie felt a lump rising in his throat. No one had ever called him Daddy before, not even a puppet. (He had once asked Rachel, Whos your daddy? during sex, to which she had replied, Saul Goldstein, thus rendering him impotent for a hebdomad and raising all kinds of issues that he didnt really like to think about.)He backed out of the room, palming the door shut as he went, then headed down the hall and past the desk where the neonatal nurse with the snake tattoo gave him a sideways smile as he went by.Charlie drove a six-year-old minivan that hed inherited from his father, along with the thrift store and the building that housed it. The minivan always smelled faintly of dust, mothballs, and body odor, des pite a forest of smell-good Christmas trees that Charlie had hung from every hook, knob, and protrusion. He exposed the car door and the odor of the unwanted the wares of the thrift-store owner washed over him. earlier he even had the key in the ignition, he noticed the Sarah McLachlan CD lying on the passenger seat. Well, Rachel was going to miss that. It was her favorite CD and there she was, recovering without it, and he could not have that. Charlie grabbed the CD, locked the van, and headed back up to Rachels room.To his relief, the nurse had stepped away from the desk so he didnt have to endure her frosty stare of accusation, or what he guessed would be her frosty stare of accusation. Hed mentally prepared a short speech about how being a good husband and father included anticipating the wants and needs of his wife and that included take her music well, he could use the speech on the way out if she gave him the frosty stare.He opened the door to Rachels room slowly so as not to startle her anticipating her warm smile of disapproval, but instead she appeared to be asleep and there was a very tall black man dolled up in dope green standing next to her bed.What are you doing here?The man in mint green turned, startled. You can see me? He gestured to his chocolate-brown tie, and Charlie was reminded, just for a second, of those thin mints they put on the pillow in nicer hotels.Of course I can see you. What are you doing here?Charlie moved to Rachels bedside, putting himself among the stranger and his family. pander Sophie seemed fascinated by the tall black man.This is not good, said Mint Green.Youre in the wrong room, Charlie said. You get out of here. Charlie reached behind and patted Rachels hand.This is really, really not good.Sir, my wife is trying to sleep and youre in the wrong room. Now please go before Shes not sleeping, said Mint Green. His voice was soft, and a little Southern. Im sorry.Charlie turned to look down at Rachel, expecting t o see her smile, hear her tell him to calm down, but her eyes were closed and her head had lolled off the pillow.Honey? Charlie dropped the CD he was carrying and shook her gently. Honey?Baby Sophie began to cry. Charlie felt Rachels forehead, took her by the shoulders, and shook her. Honey, wake up. Rachel. He put his ear to her heart and heard nothing. nurseCharlie scrambled across the bed to grab the buzzer that had slipped from Rachels hand and lay on the blanket. Nurse He pounded the button and turned to look at the man in mint green. What happenedHe was gone.Charlie ran into the hall, but no one was out there. NurseTwenty seconds later the nurse with the snake tattoo arrived, followed in another(prenominal) thirty seconds by a resuscitation team with a crash cart.There was nothing they could do.