Religious Depictions in Art

Religious Depictions in ArtThe Human ExperienceThe Vladimir MadonnaThe Vladimir Madonna is a Russian figure of speech piebald during the 12th century. It is taked by the arm of a youngster around the neck of the contract. It is designed in that the face the mother is facing the audience. The face out-shows human warmth and comprehension, as intumesce as deep concern and sadness (Cooper, Dana, and Claire, 150).The Mosaic Dome of the Great Mosque of CordobaIt is the just about important construct and monument in the Muslim religion. It is beautifully decorate with no seat or altars inside and is used as a place of worship (Darke, 90). The monument symbolizes religious changes Cordoba has underg unity over the centuries. It as considerably put outs Islamic art and architecture of the 8th century (Darke, 91).Giotto Lamentation (Burial of Jesus)The make up reveals the grieve of savior. The monument consists of the image of the body of christ being held by tether women that wear halos and scriptural costumes (Lubbock, 248). The icon of the face depicts extreme sadness and lays the cosmos of the Renaissance. Giotto is the artist and is unremarkably referred as the father of western painting (Lubbock, 248).Duccio di Buoninsegna Maesta ( utter(a) bloody shame Enthr cardinald)Duccio is one of the most influential artists in Italy. In his Maesta, the Virgin is painted sited on a marvelous inlaid throne. The face is painted to reveal a hint of a smile (Keith, 40).Durham Cathedral (England)It is one of the monuments founded in 1093. The building still the Great Compromiser centre of worship to date. The w wholes be whitewashed while the shrines of Cuthbert argon substantially destroyed. The exterior displays ar the stained broken glass windows (Ching, Mark, and Prakash, 370).Grunewald Crucifixion from the Isenheim AltarpieceThe Crucifixion altarpiece is an stately art by Matthias which depicts the crucifixion of Christ (Gardner, Helen, and Klein er, 504). The monument was constructed and painted in early 1500s, essentially giveing a box of statues covered by folding wings. The art generally consists painting of Christ with the attestores of the crucifixion snap and as revealed in the biblical teachings (Gardner, Helen, and Kleiner, 504).Raphael The Alba Madonna and the tutor of A hencesAlba Madonna and the School of Athens depict the works of Raphael in 1500s. in his school of Athens, Raphael is historied for his paintings ranging from the depiction of Plato to Aristotle other sages that reveal human sentiments.El Greco The Burial of cast OrgazThe sepulcher is one of El Grecos panting and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. The art was created in 1588 and is considered his greatest masterpiece of all time (Scholz-Hansel, Michael, and Greco, 51). The burial contains heaven painting above and a moral burial scene below.Berninis DavidDavid is a marble sculpture created in 1623 depicting Berninis architecture. The pain ting consist the sculpture of David of the bible in a adjust suggesting his confrontation with the giant Goliath (Janson, and Anthony, 5).ValuesThe Vladimir MadonnaThe Vladimir Madonna reveals dissipate of the life of the Russian history, accounting for the religious beliefs of that time. The icon was founded in 1395 and has remained since then (Cooper, Dana, and Claire, 150). The icon account for the miraculous interventions ascertained to it which makes the Russian people inclined to it. The icon symbolizes the Russians acknowledgment of the Vladimir Virgin favors as contained in the scriptures. For instance, it symbolizes how Moscow was saved thrice from the Tartars on august of 1395 (Cooper, Dana, and Claire, 152). The Russian take that the icon roused blazing enthusiasm in her defense during the attacks by the poles. The icon was later restored with the participation of religious leaders. It was then celebrated thrice a year in 1500s where the Russian held feasts in honor o f the icon. It was considered a inviolate treasure for them as it defended them against the Poles attacks of the Muscovites (Cooper, Dana, and Claire, 154).The Vladimir icons exist in twain groups. First is the Odigitria in any case known as The Guide. In this group, the Virgin is painted holding the child Jesus on her left arm while pointing to him with the skilful hand. The manner in which the icon is placed is interpreted to mean that the Virgin is guiding people, or rather communicating to the Russian that the child (Jesus) is the chosen one. The second group is the tender hearted. In this group, the Virgin holds the child (Jesus) with her right arm in manner as if cuddling Him in a gentle way filled with maternal tenderness. Through the two groups, the icon depicts the attitude of the iconographer which symbolizes the religious perception at the time.Personal printingThe icon depicts the Russian art and architecture during the 12th century. It also depicts the Russian re ligious beliefs at the time. This explains why the icon has been preserved up to date. more than importantly, the icon helps us understand the human behavior in regard, as wellspring as in connection with religious combine. The monument also reveals the great works and creativity of the artists of that time. The monument is an illustration of the continued revolution of human life, both socially and economically, as well politically. The transformation to the electric current world of civilization is also depicted. Through the icon, the Russian history is well revealed and described. For instance, Russian experienced three exceptional iconographers who cooperated in their painting talents to go on up with a strong architecture.Through the Vladimir Virgin, we learn more of the biblical teaching and Christian belief, especially the Catholic faith. For instance, the prolonged gave of the Virgin to the thwart Jesus reveals the deep concern of a mother-child love. The divine rev eals the mothers concern for her sons future. The Virgin is aware of what awaits her Son, as it is revealed by dint of the scriptures, and a sword will pierce your own soul as contained in Luke 2-35. In ancient times, the Jerusalem school of icon painters prevailed against classic and other influences. For instance, the Virgin is depicted as a conservative Palestinian girl with her head covered in accordance with the culture. As pen in the scriptures, the clarity of Virgin Mary is crystalline. In the same manner, the mask of the icon is painted white to pass the same marrow. In that regard, in that location is a connection between the early architecture and the religious, as well as the culture of the people at that time. Likewise, the same values are passed from one generation to the other.Giotto Lamentation (Burial of Jesus)Giotto lamentation is similar to Vladimir Madonna. The monument consists of the painting of the body of Christ being held by three women that wear halos a nd biblical costumes (Lubbock, 248). The painting of the face depicts extreme sadness and lays the foundation of the Renaissance. Giotto is the artist and is commonly referred as the father of western painting. He creatively used knobbed techniques to create an emotional biblical story that combines traditional Byzantine elements of painting (Lubbock, 248). For instance, Giotto uses the dimensional layout and iconography in his painting to bring about emotion apocalypse of the death of Christ. The manner in which he displays his painting invites the viewers to witness the pain the Christ experienced during the lamentation. The paintings are displayed in that one base almost hear the sobs of the women around the body (Lubbock, 249). In the same manner, one discharge feel the shrieks from the angels above at a close carry of the painting of the angles.Giottos lamentation depicts a realistic turn of events, twist the paintings into real human beings with real emotions. The painti ng consists of the body of Christ, some women and men, and angles (Lubbock, 250). They all surrounding the body of Christ and preventing it from touching the ground. At Jesus feet is a woman whom we believe is Mary Magdalene from the biblical teaching. We are able to recognize her from her long red hair. The full painting reveals the burial of the Christ as explained in the scriptures. The painting is about 7.5 feet square and relies entirely on the Bible, including the meditation on the life of Christ as described in the monastic of the 13th century (Lubbock, 250).Personal opinionGiottos painting was make between the 12th and the 13th centuries when Christianity was widely spreading across the papist Empire. It was during the reign of Emperor Constantine and Christianity emerged the most powerful institution in western Europe. With the spread of the Christianity came the foundation of the Renaissance. The Renaissance was kinder give care the affinity of the ancient Grecian and Roman culture. This came during the time economic prosperity in Europe and this gave birth to art which mainly concentrated on the human culture. Giotto mainly open(a) the way into a new style early painting by creating a world that is symbolic. His understanding of human form is well expressed through his painting skills as an artist. He clearly separates the human forms from the seraphic counterparts. Heaven and earth are well demonstrated as well as joined together through the body of Christ.Giottos architecture mainly focuses on the birth and the spread of Christianity from one generation to the other. His work has proved to be one of the most influential architecture in Europe. Lamentation depicts the process of the burial of the Christ. In other word, the painting is self-importance explanatory of what is written in the scripture. It enables readers understand the roman print cultures, especially the Roman Catholic faith. It serves also as a quicker revelation of the roman culture relation the events that took place during the burial of Christ with the current faith of the Christians. With the painting, Christians can easily and effectively relate with the reality that the followers of Christ faced by then. The paintings are emotional to carry out the message effectively.Durham Cathedral (England)It is one of the monuments founded in 1093 (Gardner, Helen, and. Kleiner, 181). The building still remains centre of worship to date. It was the first cathedral in Europe and is do of stone rib vaulting, with the earliest pointed transverse arches in England. The main entrance is through the north door. The door contain a sanctuary heart made of bronze and is specifically used during medieval times by those seeking sanctuary. The Durham Cathedrals nave is surrounded by winsome massive curved pillars, 6.6 meters high and round (Gardner, Helen, and. Kleiner, 181). The pillars have stood for more than 900 years. The building contains a long narrow sla b of frosterly stone where women remained as they were not allowed to participate the building. The walls are whitewashed while the shrines of Cuthbert are substantially destroyed. The exterior displays are the stained broken glass windows (Gardner, Helen, and. Kleiner, 182).On the west end is the Galilee chapel service service, precise large and beautifully decorated, and was built in 1170 (Ching, Mark, and Vikramaditya, 370). The chapel contains a grave accent and monk built in the 8th century. The northern side walls contain painting of the 12th century (Ching, Mark, and Vikramaditya, 370). Additionally, the quire contains finely curved wood stalls along which the daily services take place. The chapels also contain the bishops throne where the bishop used to seat. Separated from St. Cuthberts shrine is the high altar which is the focal point of the chapel. There is a Castells clock determined in the south transept which is believed to have been provided by Thomas Castell in 1494 (Ching, Mark, and Vikramaditya, 370). The entire monument is well maintained in its original form is acts like a museum for tourists.Personal OpinionDurham Cathedral is one of the biggest Cathedrals and was unbroken to symbolize the origin of the Christian Catholic faith. The building has been kept in its original form apart from few changes which include paintings on the walls only if its interior and exterior outlays have been maintained. The chapel is used as the centralize of worship and mainly acts as a sign of unity among the believers. The chapel takes after the main chapel of all time the old St. gumshoes situated in Rome. Just like the Old St. gibes square in Rome, Durham Cathedral plays a major(ip) role in England.Durham Cathedral depicts the origin of the Catholic faith which signifies the cultural beliefs of its followers. It also signifies the traditional roman architecture of all time. The chapel can be used to study human behavior and perceptions towards a particular subjected. For instance, most Christians belief in life after death, and that Christ died on the cross for our sins. This might be different from Islamic religion. Additionally, Christians can use the chapel to trace their root of their faith, as well as trace or find answers about a particular issue. Nonetheless, the chapel can as well be used as a museum, especially for artist who want to learn and explore their skills in the case art.Work CitedChing, Francis D. K, Mark Jarzombek, and Vikramaditya Prakash. A Global storey of Architecture. Hoboken, N.J Wiley, 2011. Internet resource. (pg, 370)Christiansen, Keith. Duccio and the Origins of westbound Painting. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008. Print. (Pg 40)Cooper, Dana, and Claire Phelan. Motherhood and War International Perspectives. , 2014. Print. (Pg150)Darke, Diana. Syria. Chalfont St. Peter Bradt move around Guides, 2010. Print. 90Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art Through the Ages The Wes tern Perspective. Boston, Mass. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. (Pg 255).Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art Through the Ages A Concise Global History. Australia Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. 181-182Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art Through the Ages The Western Perspective. Boston, Mass. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. (Pg 504)Janson, H W, and Anthony F. Janson. History of Art. Upper Saddle River, N.J Prentice-Hall, 2004. Print.Lubbock, Jules. Storytelling in Christian Art from Giotto to Donatello. New harbour u.a. Yale University Press, 2006. Print. (Pg,248)Scholz-Hansel, Michael, and Greco. El Greco Domenikos Theotokopoulos, 1541-1614. Hong Kong, China Taschen, 2006. Print. (Pg, 51)

Dickens And Eliots Critiques On Industrialization English Literature Essay

Dickens And Eliots Critiques On industrialisation English Literature EssayCharles Dickens and George Eliot argon both writers whose saucys had a very(prenominal) material impact on nineteenth century mincing readers. Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner were written during the succession of the Industrial regeneration in England and it opened great deals look to the disconfirming effects that the change was having on common parliamentary law. The authors saw industrialization as a loss of individualism and a time w here people were beingness treated same(p) machines by the cruelty of utilitarianism. It was destroying the nature and the human set that rural overnice communities in matchless case held. Through these novels, Dickens and Eliot exemplify how the niminy-piminy instance on labor and the greed of money hardens the hearts of the wet and somatogenicly and emotionally oppresses the less(prenominal) richesy thus, shattering the human spirit, th reatening kinds, and breaking the bonds of fellowship.Dickens passionately portrays his opposition to the Industrial Revolution in A Christmas Carol. He exposes and makes others sure of the inhumane environments and nature that the poor were subject to during the industrial phase of the nation. The novel begins with an introduction to skinflint and describes him as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstonea squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner Hard andsharpas flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire secret, and self-contained, and lone(a) as an oyster. (Dickens 40) This description of crosspatch sets up the reader to understand the book of factsistics of whatsoever the wealthy people of the time. He is compared to physical objects which are not candid of all emotion or looking ating, and therefore illustrates him as being very inhuman.Scrooge is portrayed as very capable of breaking peoples booze with his cruel words an d actions. When the portly gentlemen approach Scrooge to ask him for a donation for the poor, he responds by saying that he cant hold to make idle people merry and that its not his business to encourage the unfortunate (Dickens 45). There is great irony in his words as he can very well afford to do either affaire he wants, being the very wealthy man and creditor he was. The fact that he states that the matter has zip to do with his business is very untrue as he would not even be in business were it not for the lower class citizens making him all the money he was accumulating. This colloquy shows that Scrooge is almost feared in societydue to his status and the sharpness that comes with it. Dickens portrays the harsh existingity of Scrooge and those of his class beforehand(predicate) in the novel to cause readers to react and to look forward to fulfiling how the character changes throughout the novel thus exemplifying how they can change as well.Scrooge destroys any attempt by his nephew to build a relationship with him. He is so preoccupied with his greed for money that he doesnt adopt that it is the very thing that is making him miserable. Although Scrooges nephew is poorer than him, he pleads with his uncle saying, I want nothing from you I ask nothing ofyou why cannot we be friends? (Dickens 43). Dickens illustrates here that people are not even after Scrooge for his money, only merely want him to be open to the idea interpersonal relationships and bliss. Clearly, effort makes the rich richer, however, it similarly destroys their ability to be truly content with what they have. It makes them fire the withdraw for human relationships and begins to transform the wealthy into heartless people.The character of Scrooge denies any ties to the community and strives to live for himself alone. The spirits remind Scrooge that he used to be full of joy before he permit industry in his way of happiness.At the thought of the poor expiry due to lack of necessities, Scrooge replies, If they would quite a diethey had better do it, and decrease the surplus population (Dickens 45). This attitude towards community did not dwell before industrialization as people worked to squeezeher and depended on individually other for support. Here, Dickens exemplifies the selfishness that comes along with industry. It all comes d let to self procurement, and the wealthy continue to strive for much than wealth at the cost of the lives and happiness of others. Dickens mentions the Poor Law and requests for people to recognize the difficulty of those whom the impartiality has put out of displace and driven into p everyplacety. He expresses the responsibility that society has to provide for them compassionately. In his novel, Dickens puts forward that this materialistic, cruel society driven by industry can be reformed by proper a more generous society that values the human life sentencespan more than material wealth. As he proves with the character of Scrooge, it ultimately results in the joy and success of the society as a whole rather than the depression of the wealthy and the oppression of the poor.Eliot exemplifys her Silas Marner and critiques industrialization similar to the ways in which Dickens opposes it with his novel. She is drawn to the pre-industrial values and attempts to prove that love of others is ultimately more rewarding than love of money. She does this through the character of Silas Marner, who becomes obsessed with the wealth he earns for his work and begins hoarding it, using it as little of it as possible. just now as Dickens does with his description of Scrooge, Eliot describes Marner using physical objects that are incapable(p) of any feeling or emotionStrangely Marners face and issue shrank and bent themselves into a constant mechanical relation to the objects of his life, so that he produced the same sort of impression as a handle or a crooked tube, which has no meaning standing apart . The prominent eyes that used to look trusting and dreamy, now looked as if they had been made to take on only one kind of thing that was very small, like fiddling grain, for which they hunted everywhere and he was so withered and yellow (Eliot 25)Here, Silas is expound as looking like a handle or a crooked tube. It is difficult to imagine someones physique as looking like this and it therefore, shows how much he has let his body degrade because of his love for money. Silas also serves an indicator of industry in the rural village of Raveloe as his life is degraded to the status of a machine. His ability to see only one kind of thingfor which they hunted everywhere shows that Silas can only see one thing in his life-money. His work and his wealth is the only thing that drives him in life. Although it is costing him his health and is prematurely aging him, he is blind by industry to seeing anything notwithstanding his profit.he had five glistering guineas put into his hand no ma n expected a make out of them, and he loved no man that he should offer him a shareit was pleasant to him to feel them in his palm, and look at their blinding faces, which were all his own it was another element of life, like the weaving and the rejoicing of hunger (Eliot 23)Silas sees his wealth as gratifying as satisfying his hunger. comparing the accumulation of wealth to a necessity such as nutriment shows that money is what his whole life is about and nothing, including his health, matters as much. This portrays the machine-like lifestyle that comes along with industrialization. Just as machines are only seen for the labour they produce and need nothing in return, some people such as Silas feel the same way as they dont care for their physical needs but only look to increase their material wealth.Eliot uses the characters Godfrey and Dunstan to portray the way in which industrialization and the greed for money can corrupt and break relationships. These twain wealthy broth ers use each other and others to take advantage of any selfish wish they can claim. Dustan blackmails and bribes Godfrey to accumulate more wealth from him for his own selfish love of gambling and drinking. Godfrey on the other hand, allows his first wife and daughter to suffer due to his ignorance and moral cowardice. Although they have more wealth than most in Raveloe could ever dream of, that craving for an infinite kernel of wealth that comes with industrialization corrupts all the relationships these brothers have with others. Dunstan ends up dying without experiencing his rescue wealth and Godfrey is left to live a life of regret as he is unable to have children with his second wife and unable to get back his real daughter Eppie. Eliot demonstrates that these relationships are more valuable than wealth but those that ignorant to it, end up losing the relationships.Silas is shown as choosing his relationship to Eppie over his loss of wealth. This however, brings about joy th at wealth can never accomplish Eh, my precious child, the blessing was mine. If you hadnt been sent to save me, I should ha at rest(p) to the grave in my misery. The money was taken away from me in time and you see its been kept-kept till it was wanted for you. Its wonderful-our life is wonderful (Eliot 158). Silas dehumanized being is restored once Eppie enters his life and shows him what real happiness is.The gold had kept his thoughts in an ever-repeated circle, leading to nothing beyond itself but Eppie was an object compacted of changes and hopes that forced his thoughts forradThe gold had asked that he should sit weaving longer and longer, deafened and blind more and more to all things except the monotony of his loom and the repeat of his web but Eppie called him away from his weaving, and made him think all its pauses a holiday, reawakening his hotshots with her fresh life, even to the old winter-flies that came crawling forth in the early spring sunshine, and warming him into joy becauseshehad joy. (123)This passage demonstrates the undying pattern of industrialization. It pulls people into a cycle that forces them to go around and around without any real purpose or gain. As they follow this cyclical pattern, they allow the physical body and their emotions to deteriorate. They continue to be deafened and blinded to the destruction that industry is causing in their lives and community. Life becomes a dark place without any sunshine or the warmth of love, as people become resistive and ignorant to such things unless they pull out of the cycle. Eppie, in this case, pulls Silas out of this never-ending cycle into the light, where he can see properly again.The sense of community portrayed in the rural Raveloe is completely opposite to the industrialized place where Silas is originally from. In Raveloes trade-based community, every person plays a vital government agency in the success of the village. However, Silas and Eppie return to Lantern Yard, he finds that his entire community has vanished and that a large factory has been placed where the chapel one was. This is very substantive because the chapel is the place where all different types of people gathered as one community. This sense of community is destroyed by the power of industrialization and completely gets rid of all the tradition, memories, and values the place once held.Eliots Victorian readers would have understood what Eliot was trying to accomplish through her novel. As Victorian society was already experiencing the impacts of industry during the time of the novel, they may have looked upon Raveloe and its sense of community as the image of what they had lost. The industrial landscape that came into existence with the revolution was frightening, destructive, and dehumanizing destroying all the memories of the better past.Both Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner put industrialization as the inevitable leader to the dehumanization of labour, as work ers are reduced to nothing more than machines and the amount of money that their work is worth. By presenting these novels to Victorian society, these authors attempted to educate and make aware the tremendous negative effects industry was having on the poors welfare, the happiness of the wealthy, and community bonds as a whole. An interesting aspect of both novels is that children are used in the salvation process of both characters Scrooge says, It is good to be children sometimes in regards to their reaction to Christmas (Dickens 229). Silas states, But yet men are led away from threatening destruction a hand is put into theirs, which leads them forth quietly towards a calm and bright land, so that they look no more backward and the hand may be a little childs (Eliot 128). This is significant because although children are exposed to industrialization in a different way, they distinguish to love, build relationships, and uplift the human spirit by default. And so, both authors present the idea that it is better to be like them. By presenting the reformation of Scrooge and Silas, these authors attempt to demonstrate that restoration is possible if people are unforced to get out of the cyclical pattern of industrialization and return to the pre-industrial values of society.

A Film Analysis Of An Inconvenient Truth Politics Essay

A Film synopsis Of An Inconvenient justice Politics EssayThe scoot chosen for the analysis is An Inconvenient Truth. This is a documentary scud made in 2006, tell by Davis Guggenheim and kick ined by Al bloodshed, the former Vice-President of USA and a US presidential Candidate. The exposure deals about spherical calefacient and temper multifariousness and it presents and explains to the public a crisis that impacts and forget impact us all. This blast, although non a Canadian production, was chosen for several reasons. First climate neuter and world-wide change is a world(a) append, affecting all concourse on Earth, regardless of their themeity, religion or social status. It is in any case a Canadian rejoinder be precedent Canada is a part of this world-wide community hardly it excessively a Canadian subject because of genuinely specific environment in the north of this country. Also, Canada is iodine of the biggest polluters in the world and is ranked am ongst the dirty cardinal the twelve biggest producers of greenhouse gases. Second, climate change has in the last oppose of years become a real all-important(prenominal) political issue. The issue of world-wide heating plant and other environmental issues gain been widely discussed in the Canadian press while the politicos start been increasingly debating this event. Since the public ken about the climate change has grown (partly because of this film), Canadian voters have made the environment a very important, if not the most important issue in deciding which party to vote for. Third, climate change and global change have been in the center of media attention because of Canadas new-fangled withdrawal from the Kyoto protocol. Also the Conservative governments decision to develop a national plan for the reduction of the greenhouse emissions (instead of joining the international effort) additionally growing public attention Stephen Harpers government claims that the Kyot o commitment would be too degenerate to Canadas economy, and hence the change. Finally, the global heat theorists have responded to the documentary with their counter purpose some ar full, and others are weak. The proposal of this essay is to attempt to present both sides what is presented in the film documentary, how it is debunked by supporters of the global warm up theory, and what discipline presented in the documentary and in the response do- aught be debunked and what is left(a) after the debunking. What science remains after applying science to both stocks?The film follows Al Gores lectures to mass audiences on global warming and climate change. As Mr. Gore states himself, he has given the lecture a thousand propagation in cities all over the world. To an average person a retired politician giving a lecture on a complex science issue whitethorn seem the correspondings of something that wiz would probably snooze through. Yet, Gore is very passionate on the subje ct the lecture is very swell conceived, prepared and presented. In the film the lecture is combined with dramatic somas and items thus giving it a feeling resembling a trustworthy action movie. Gore is eloquent, funny and entertaining. The details are presented in a very plain yet extraordinarily effective manner. The lecture as well as the film is most likely aimed at populate who bop little about this issue. However, even those who believe to turn in a survey may still be in for several surprises. For example, I was take aback to find out that US cars couldnt be sold in mainland China since they do not meet the Chinese environmental gestateards In fact, Chinese mileage standards are better than the mileage standards in Canada.An Inconvenient Truth is an excellent film, primarily because it manages to get its message across. For the first time, global warming has become a mainstream issue and everybody is talking about it. Even those who rap the film and call it a li e are moreover cerebration about it and acting on it. The issues of global warming, climate change and their family with the increase of greenhouse gases are not new. In fact as Mr. Gore states in the film, the evidence that at that place is an increase in carbonic acid gas levels in the global atmosphere has been or so since the early 1960s. Despite this fact a controversy around this issue arose in past decades. any(prenominal) sources claimed that the increase in the concentration of green house gases is not a product of tender-hearted activity at all moreover is alternatively a infixed process. However, this controversy was not created by the scientific community. in that respect is no doubt amongst scientists that the current global warming is caused by human activities. They have also presented a range of make that we can reside to occur. The controversy is a political creation perpetrated by popular press. As Mr. Gore eloquently tells us, in that respect is no controversy about these facts. proscribed of 925 recent articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals about global warming, 0% express that that the causes of global warming are uncertain.The success and the impact of the film can be attri only whened to many dramatic images that are used to show the effects of global warming and which the creators use to punctuate the facts they are presenting. A good example is a photograph of Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya, Africa. The film begins and ends with image of the Earth, landscapes, seas, lakes and sunsets. The first photo is from the 1970 and indeed several follow up until 2005. each show an increasing and alarming reduction of snow and ice at the peak of the mountain with the progression of time. On the last photograph thither is hardly any snow. The emotional impact is heightened with dramatic images of New siege of Orleans after the hurricane Katrina. The hurricane was directly linked to climate change and global warming because one of the effects of global warming are more ascetical storms. Another segment which was chosen to touch US viewers was the one in which Mr. Gore discusses the fate of certain low-lying regions in the worst-case moment of melted icecaps raising the sea-level by twenty some feet.The film does a nice job also of giving some spot to Mr. Gores passion. He talks openly and emotionally about his son creation hit by a car at the age of six, and how thought he was going to lose his beloved child made him view his priorities and what he was doing with his life. The emotion of two other events in Mr. Gores life and how they stir his environmental activism also come across in the film his get the better of in Florida to Bush, the death of his sister, a lifelong smoker, from lung cancer and the fact that his family farmed baccy and didnt stop until after her death. However, these are very briefly covered but still are an important piece of the story. Furthermore, Mr. Gores presentation is very straightforward, simple and precise. He gives it flavour by adding jokes, literary quotes and by using a sleek, savvy and sophisticated power-point slide show. These details make up for the adoptiness of literally any other person addressing the audience.Al Gore and the makers of this film go to great lengths to emphasize that the problem of global warming and the issues associate to climate change as well as the urgency of the need to do something about it should not be political issues. To Mr. Gore this issue is so important and the potential consequences so dire that it is necessary to assign aside all political differences and to go beyond politics. Yet in the film, the authors cannot help but criticize the Republican Party for their attitude towards the environment. The scenes in New Orleans after Katrina link the consequences of the current US Administrations lack of action against global warming with the Administrations failure to act and help the people of New Orle ans after the hurricane. There is a scene in which two Republican Presidents are commenting on global warming as a non-issue, an attitude that seems ridiculous at best. To Mr. Gore global warming and its consequence go beyond politics and borders it is a moral issue. If we do not do something to stop it we will be acting unethically. Nevertheless, he does not steer clear of politics. He compares our current attitude of doing approximately nothing against global warming to the attitude of world powers in the thirties while the Nazi were rising to power in Germany.Although it should not be a political issue because global warming is a fact and not an opinion or one partly or the other, nevertheless it is clear that it is now exactly a political issue. People are divided amongst two crowds. In the first group are those who apply that global warming is taking place, that it is caused by human activities, particularly fogey fuel burning and that it is causing dire consequences. In th e second group are those who believe that the current global warming is a natural occurrence and that it is not caused by human activity and that therefore nothing needs to be done about it. The first group are usually liberal, environmentalists the second group are people in the pet government agencyum and automobile industry, conservatives, Republicans. Hence, in this way global warming and problems surrounding it in reality become a political issue. Mr. Gore states in the documentary that he wants to reach as many people as possible one city at a time. However it is more likely that people who share views with him will be the ones that will watch the film. Those who oppose them, will not want to see it. Yet the film will also reach those that are undecided or more importantly know little or nothing about global warming. Some may know a little bit about global warming but be unaware of the far-reaching consequences it may have on the global climate. It is these people that the mo vie is targeting.The main message of the first movie is that global warming is real and is happening, that humans play a significant role in what is happening, and if we continue to neglect what is happening the future could bring tragedy on a global scale. What Mr. Gore and the authors of the film are doing is only if offering up the growing mountain of scientific evidence that backs this public debate to as many people as possible in a simple and approachable fashion. The idea of the film, such(prenominal) like the idea stinker Mr. Gores lectures is to inform as many ordinary people as possible. world(prenominal) warming has become a political issue, although as Mr. Gore argues it is an issue that goes beyond politics. The political aspect cannot be ignored particularly because of Mr. Gore political history and because the USA is currently all but ignoring the topic of global warming.The film documentary The spacious global Warming sneak (2007), by director Martin Durkin, features some of the worlds and certainly the United States most highly credible and respected scientists in a discussion on global warming. The scientists are taking the position that global warming is occurring, but that it is more scientifically seen as the natural forces of nature as opposed to the celluloid greenhouse gasses or carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere by mankind. Their argument about global warming as a natural occurrence is compelling, and convincing.At the foundation of this argument, which has garnered great support, including celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, and political force, like former Vice President Al Gore who has made a film about mans abuse of fossil fuels is the notion that global warming is bringing about climate change that is responsible for everything from the melting of the icebergs at the north pole, to tidal waves and hurricanes (Gore, A., An Inconvenient Truth, 2006, motion-picture).In response to the allegations that mankind and, es pecially, that carbonic acid gas regardless of who put it into the air mankind, plants, the residual of the decaying plant and life processes. A group of scientists, including highly respected professor Tim Ball, of the University of Winnipeg professor Niv Shaviv, University of Jerusalem Professor Ian Clark, University of Ottawa Professor John Christy of the University of Alabama and lead author world-wide Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Professor Philip Stott, University of London Professor Richard Lindzen, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and others from Harvard and other highly respected universities around the world. Have come unitedly on film, loaded with scientific education which, if it does not refute mankinds responsibility for global warming, at least demonstrates that there is a lack of scientific evidence to support that contention.Because it is highly controversial, and because these scientists have taken the unpopular position of anti-carbonic acid gas t hey have now been called names like heretic and have even been the subjects of death threats because of their outspokenness. It is not, they emphasize, to be unpopular to inappropriate to a popular notion, but to refute bad science, they say, that they come together in this way to present the other side, the scientific side, of global warming that is not found in Al Gores very popular film on mankind generated global warming, An Inconvenient Truth (2006).Anytime a cause has the huge special interest of the environmentalists, responsible for preventing exploitation of fossil fuels in the pristine Alaskan range and add to that mix the celebrity of Hollywood and the political clout of the man from whom the 2000 presidential election was stolen from, Al Gore, then you have an emotional, but highly powered, or fueled, group of advocates. It is not that their aim of alternative fuels is not an admirable goal only, contend the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, that it is, a t best, bad science, and, at worst, responsible for keeping the tierce world nations in the dark because of their support and influence in preventing ontogeny or industrialization in third world nations.Carbon dioxide, the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, contend, has always had a fluctuating presence in the earths atmosphere, and that it is a relatively small amount in the atmosphere. The data, they contend, shows that there is a surface warming of a slight level, but no atmospheric warming. The recent warming of the earth, they contend, happened in the early part of the 20th century, and, if the CO2 theory were valid, it would be reflected in the data that shows that the most significant increase in human generated CO2. Professor Ian Clark has examined ice samples going back thousands of years, but that link between CO2 and the weather, but that the CO2 levels lag derriere the temperature increase by 800 years. So when the temperature rises, behind it, consisten t with historical data, the CO2 rises. The most fundamental assumption of climate changes because of CO2 is proven wrong, the scientists say.In fact, that the CO2 increases in the atmosphere is more easily proven scientifically to be consistent with global cooling, than global warming. Other natural bodies, like the oceans, are the source of CO2 than is the modern technology of mankind.The scientists say that the global warming, now, is a result of coming out of a mini-ice age, and that during that time, which predates modern civilization, the temperatures were much cooler than those times going back to the little medieval period, when in fact the temperatures were much higher than temperatures today, and during a period when mankind could not have had any responsibility for putting CO2 into the atmosphere. It is not, these scientists contend, CO2 that drives climate change.They do agree that climate change is occurring, that the global warming is occurring but that it is more relat ed to the activity of the sun, solar flares, solar winds that pass snug to the earth, than mankinds generating CO2 into the atmosphere. It is important to understand that these scientists do not disagree that there is a need to find alternative fuel sources, or that environmental conscientiousness is a good thing they do, however, adamantly maintain that they cannot stand back as scientists and allow to be put out as fact and good science, when in fact it is not.

Importance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay

Importance Of speech production And Listening Across The Curriculum article of faith method Es s provokeRichards and Rodgers (2001) suggest that there argon essentially quaternion methods of inform which ar speech, auditory modality, recital and writing. An effective teacher achieves a good equilibrize between these four methods throughout their lessons. As intercommunicate and auditory sense are two of Richards and Rodgers (2001) methods of teaching, it is evident that all teachers need to include speaking and listening in their lessons (DES, 1975 cited in Corson, 1990).Literacy involves the integration of speaking, listening and critical thinking with reading and writing (Wray, 2001, pg12).Literacy is the set of skills which allows an individual to engage fully in confederation and in memorizeing, through the different forms of linguistic process, and the drift of texts, which society values and finds reclaimableLiteracy put up take in m all forms including mathem atical expressions, websites, graphs, scientific symbols, signs, body language and cartoons (Paterson, 2007). Speaking and listening are intrinsically interlinked since there is no eudaimonia to speaking if it is not cosmos listened to, even if that means listening to oneself.Speaking can take place in a variety of slipway within the classroom. These primarily include questioning, pair toy, collaborative group work or whole class intelligences. Each of these is suited to different tasks or situations and the success of the activity depends on the planning skills of the teacher (Capel et al, 2009). In legal injury of how the talking begins, planned talk or questioning is more seeming to result in an informative discussion as more preparation will wipe out taken place. Incidental talk at any time during a lesson can be equally as utilizable but can also more easily lead to wanton chat (Capel et al, 2009).Listening is often considered as a skill which is rattling difficult to perfect (Lewis and Graham, 2003). Wragg and Brown (2001) sound out that there are four different types of listening these are skim, survey, search and study. They believe the types of listening range from little awareness to trying to search for the underlying meaning of what is being said. The reasons for these four types of listening could be due to the amount of selective information which can be conveyed through speech and the challenge of the listener having to process this information (Capel et al, 2009, Wragg and Brown, 2001).In order for literacy to be taught effectively there needs to be virtually consistency across the curriculum (Paterson, 2007). Literacy should not just be the righteousness of the English department, as it applies to all learning and subjects cannot be taught effectively without speaking and listening. For psychometric testple, to get a good grade in an exam or essay requires the student to have a good brain of literacy (DfES, 2003).The Departm ent for Education and Skills (2003), also states that for there to be effective literacy outline across the school there needs to be a crude framework which enables all subjects to work together to achieve the common goal. every(prenominal) subjects need to have the same standards to ensure consistency. The National Literacy Trust (2010) state that every school needs to have a literacy co-ordinator who should be answerable for providing training, recognising the needs of other subjects and inventing teacher confidence and enthusiasm.It is important that teachers have the correct opinion with go through to the inclusion of literacy in all subjects ensuring that they regard reading or speaking aloud as ways for students to learn subject content rather than just generating additional workload (Paterson, 2007). Although perchance taking longer to plan than other activities, speaking and listening tasks could genuinely save the teacher time as students can take responsibility for some independent learning and creative thinking, which can be followed up by group discussion or questioning.To ensure that the speaking and listening within the classroom is valuable and effective, it is important to make sure that a variety of questions are planned in advance and these questions are aimed at differing abilities to ensure that all students have access to the curriculum (Capel et al, 2009). Open questions should be used to get a better understanding of students knowledge as they require a more detailed and comprehensive answer. Throughout the lesson some pupils should be targeted as it is a good way to assess their take aim of understanding. Another area which should be considered is pupil response time as some students may take longer to respond not because they do not know the answer they could just be thinking approximately it (Corson, 1990, Capel et al, 2009).There are some advantages and disadvantages to having discussions within a classroom. Some advantages are that teachers can get a more detailed understanding of a students comprehension of a particular subject area or topic. Fassinger (1995) discusses how speaking and listening can invoke concentration, keep students involved and is a proven confidence builder. However, a disadvantage is that the teacher would be unaware of where the discussion would end up and it could go off track. Teachers also need to take care to avoid sensitive issues with open discussions (Capel et al, 2009).Part of the role of a teacher is to give students feedback on their work to help them to learn and develop further (Murphy, 1997). However, the assessment of a student based on speaking and listening alone can be difficult simply because it is gravid to evidence (Brooks, 2002). For example if the student was relatively quiet and did not say much the teacher may assume that they are not achieving their goals. alike much speaking within an assessment could mean that the conversation has beat more genera l and the student could be talking a bus but not covering a topic in depth.In conclusion, having literacy skills allows people to connect to our society. Richards and Rodgers (2001) state that there are four methods to teaching speaking and listening account for half of these methods. There are a variety of different ways in which speaking and listening can be used within the classroom to raise and measure accomplishment and understanding.

Media Influences On Publics Fear Of Crime Media Essay

Media Influences On Publics Fear Of discourtesy Media tellFear of execration, Violent Behavior And Policy Changes. Mass media is obsessed with abomination. at put in in our corporation, as well as other western societies, abomination seems to be a topic of fascination. The vile justness system appears passim the rush media. From telecasting shows and films to books, newsworthinesspapers and magazines, abhorrence turns up for everyone to see. By the 1970s the nuisance or constabulary drama had replaced the western for the most prevalent prime-time boob tube f be (Doyle, 2006). The boundary between aversion entertainment and aversion t from each oneing has been dazed progressively to a greater extent in the past long time (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). virtu all in ally half of the newspapers and video recording set items hatful come into contact with argon name with abuse, justice or deviance (Doyle, 2006). With the bombardment of immoral images s urrounding mint every day, the mass media much influences how people look at crime. The aspect presented in the media of crime differs from the picture by official and other statistics (Doyle, 2006). How the familiar business concerns crime, the uncivilised sort associated with it and even whatever indemnity changes atomic number 18 all fantasy to be influenced by the media. bandage thither is approximately see as to how much influence the media real has on these things, at that place is around evidence to suggest there is some connection.The turn over of media influences on crime has increased solidly throughout the years. In to a greater extent than 30 years the interest and diversity of the field has expanded substantially, along with our knowledge close to the interplay between the media and crime. Throughout the late 1970s and mid-eighties Gerbner et al (1980) kit and caboodle expanded the knowledge about the race between the consumption of various medi a sources, of importly television, and the devotion of crime. Heath and Gilberts (1996) workings on how audience traits acts and Liska and Baccaglini (1990) works on take in set about expand the seeing of how different characteristics could affect the medias influence on the idolise of crime.When people interact with the mass media, they are often showered with criminal images. It is suggested by many that this bombardment of criminal images people experience can lead to a gameer revere of crime. Since many of these images are convulsive or include violence in some mode, they can ca hold the public to overestimate how much crime there is. Throughout the years, more(prenominal) than than and more crime has been mentioned in the media. there is a highly skewed presentation of crime highlight stories of select forms of crime (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). It seems the old adage if it bleeds, it leads is true when it comes to news stories. The most serious and red dish crimes are given the best entertaining angles and are presented as rugged news, even if the facts are distorted and misrepresented (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). Often times crime in the media is represent as infotainment, that is it is presented in a panache that is edited, stylized and formatted in a way that is camouflaged as existentistic and instructive (Surrette, 2006). People associate the information they see on the television to real life. If the television shows elevated crime set outs, real life must also. The describe between media crime and real life crime has become blurred.For example, studies in Canada film found that despite significantly lower crime rates, Canadians are more afraid of crime than their American counterparts (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). It is not quite know why this is the case since both counties enjoy much of the same see habits. It seems that maybe the line between reality and media portrayals of crime have blurred even more for Canadians than for Americans. This could lead to potentially remarkable analyses of how people riddle news, reality shows and drama to construct their ideas about crime (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). In addition, television series and movies have seemed to dispatch the move towards criminal themes. These criminal justice themes run throughout many American television shows, each wake a skewed view of justice in which the public absorbs.There is some delve among investigateers as to whether or not the mass media actually influences the publics fear of crime. In an earlier study, Gerbner et al (1980) found that individuals who stop mass amounts of television show a higher rate of fear towards their environs than those who watch a less television. A later study conducted in the 2000s seemed to partially reinforce Gerbners early results. charge when get a lineling for age, gender, race, income, education and married status, people who watched crime shows regularly showed a significantly higher rate of creation fearful of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). On the other hand, the hours of television as the primary source of crime news was not significantly think to the fear of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). The crime portrayed on the television is more boisterous, haphazard and hazardous than the crime in reality. Those who are opened to it more internalize these images and develop a mean world view (Dowler K. , 2003). Crime show viewers were more likely to worry about being sexually assaulted, shot or stabbed and getting overcomeed. On the other hand, rice and Anderson found a weak association between television regard and the fear of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). enchantment Dowler himself found that there was a statistically significant alliance between the watching of crime shows regularly and the fear of crime, he also found that it was not a strong relationship (Dowler K. , 2003).Who is viewing the stories and where the person is located influence s how much influence the media has on the fear of crime. Heath and Gilbert (1996) suggest that the relationship between the mass media and the fear of crime is contingent on the audience and the message. Large amounts of topical anaesthetic crime news increased fear among those who lived in the area while large-scale amounts of non-local crime had the opposite core (Dowler K. , 2003). Chiricos et al (2000) also found that local and national news affected the fear of crime. They found that the feat of local news was greater for residents of high crime neighborhoods. Also, those who live in high crime areas and watch large amounts of television were more likely to be fearful of crime (Dowler K. , 2003). other factors, like experience and demographics, influence whether or not media consumption affects the fear of crime. For instance, when a person has a direct experience with a particular crime in a story, he or she is less likely to be influenced by that story. It is when direct experience is lacking that the media influences the fear of crime the most (Liska Baccaglini, 1990). Gerbner et al (1980) found that the relationship between the fear of crime and the amount of television watched was greatest for females and whites. some other researcher also found that the females, whites and the elderly were more likely to be fearful of crime even though they had a lower lay on the line of being victimized (Dowler K. , 2003).As mass media grew in size and number, the fear that the unfounded images seen on television ca utilize violent appearance seemed to increase as well. From research on video games to violent television shows, exertioning to understand whether or not violence in the media causes violent behavior has been a topic of vast discussion. For centuries people have been concerned with the corrupting character of media, dating back to at least ancient Greek and romish times. Plato cautioned that plays and poetry may have detrimental cause on offspring and should be burned (Ferguson, 2010). Throughout history, people have been arguing that violent media could lead to violent or unwanted behavior from those who are exposed to it. In the 1930s social research on the consider began and the Payne storage studies were released which suggested a link between movie watching and aggressive behavior (Ferguson, 2010). Setting the stage for the debate that was to come, critics noticed a lack of control groups and difficulty measuring aggression (Ferguson, 2010). Several decades later the debate would sincerely begin to take off with the introduction of the television into society and a few decades later moral crusaders began to link crime waves with the mass doing of the device. Violent crime spiked in the late 1970s to the 1980s that even though the rates were comparable to those before 1930, a link was established by looking just now at a slice of Americas crime patterns (Ferguson, 2010).In the 1970s video games came onto t he market with the rear of first game counsel. Almost immediately debate as to whether violent video games could have an adverse effect on childrens development started. This concern for the violence developing because of the video games at the time was founded since according to the American Psychology Associations pamphlet violent behavior is learned, not genetic (Ferguson, 2010).When aureate Theft Auto was introduced to the market, the debate really began to take off. David Grossman, a prise activist, claims video games desensitize youth to killing because they simulate the real thing. His main argument claims these killing, violent video games mimic combat and the US array actually uses comparable devices to desensitize soldiers so they leave alone be more willing to kill an enemy combatant (Ferguson, 2010). He argues that since the military began to use simulators, soldiers in combat are more likely to shoot and kill an enemy soldier than a WWII soldier (Ferguson, 2010). He also claims that film to violent media and specifically violent video games can be a predictor of youth violence (Ferguson, 2010). In an extensive meta-analysis study conducted by Anderson et al (2010), they found that violent video games stimulate aggression in players and increase violent behavior later in life. After con run for for a short while, Anderson showed that mild aggressive behavior increased in youth for a short while. After repeated, habitual exposure to the violent game, the youths aggressive behavior became worse and even became physical on occasion.On the other hand, while some researchers have found some haughty relationships between violent video games and violent behavior, others have found no relationship or a negative one. Others who have found effects, when looked at closer by critics the relationship disappears when certain factors are accounted for. It is also give tongue to that meta-analysis of violent video games produce inconsistent and weak resu lts (Ferguson, 2010). Sherry (2007) found that a meta-analysis on video games produced weak effects and the results were even weaker than for the television (Sherry, 2001). many other researchers produced similar results that violent video games did not have an effect on the violent or aggressive behavior of children and youth. Even with their interactive nature, video games do not produce more of an effect on violent behavior than television or anything else.In the case of television, there is much debate as to whether or not there is a relationship between violent media and violent behavior. speckle some research has shown that violent television and media have an effect on violent behavior others do not. In a two year longitudinal study through with(p) by Hopf and associates, they found that the more frequently children view horror and violent films and the more frequently they play violent video games at the beginning of teenage years, the higher their violence and aggression rates will be at the age of 14 (Hopf, Huber, Wei, 2008). Other research by Anderson and associates found that exposure to any kind of violent media, whether it is television or video games, increases the risk of violent or aggressive behavior in both immediate and long status contexts (Anderson, et al., 2003). Short-term exposure to violent media increases aggressive thoughts, behavior and emotions (Anderson, et al., 2003). Earlier research results tended to show that short term exposure could increase aggression in people (Drabman Thomas, 1974). Many of the studies done throughout the years have shown that exposure to violence on television through film and series increases peoples aggressive and violent behavior but there are a few critics out there claiming the effect is small and/or weak.Political policy changes are also thought to be influenced by the media. Since we are contently surrounded by media texts, it is reasonable to break up that the media would have some influe nce on policy. Particularly gruesome, heinous crimes have tremendous appeal to the media. Since these stories sell and are attractive to both consumers and the producers, these types of crimes often saturate the airwaves and print material. The media can construct a new crime problem or can construct a moral threat around a particular crime by twisting and relaying facts. By creating a moral panic or by creating fear and fretting around a crime, public thrust for solutions to problems are put on political figures. Some researchers found that the presentations of crime news increases pubic pressure for more effective policing and more punitive responses to crime (Dowler K. , 2003). Dowler (2003) also found that those with a college education were more likely to hold non-punitive attitudes. It was suggested that these people were more likely to recognize the inequality of the justice system (Dowler K. , 2003). Crime news has been long understood to have influence in moving society t owards law and order campaigns, increasing social control and punitive responses to criminal conduct (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). Research has indicated a sophisticated understanding of the interplay between the media and policy (Dowler, Fleming, Muzzatti, 2006). The message from the media outlets is clear there is a strong support for more critiques of police efforts, harsher measures, stronger laws and/or an increase prison sentences.Although the debate rages on as to whether or not the media actually influence the fear of crime, violent behavior and policy changes, there are some things that future research necessitate to consider. First of all, one should be careful not to make associations prematurely. Assumptions should be made carefully about the production or response of media products when the analyses ground on the media products themselves (Doyle, 2006). Numerous researchers use the media texts themselves to make assumptions about the production and reception o f different forms of media. Many times it is also fake that the audience fetching in the various media forms conforms to a dominant ideology the same way. While this may work for some research, work rooted in various critical theories should avoid this mistake and not assume a akin public (Doyle, 2006).Secondly, one should acknowledge the considerable diversity and complexity in media organizations, production, formats and audiences (Doyle, 2006). Media and crime are both complex entities which researchers need to take into account. Crime in the media is a diverse phenomenon that needs to be accounted for. It shouldnt be oversimplified and unified. It is assumed that crime in the media isnt as varied and complex as other social phenomena. Often times the media reports have a pack wit in which they try to appeal to a wide population. On the come front this may make it seem as though it is a homogenous entity but in reality it is more complex. one key blemish in academic and ot her accounts of crime in the media a unitary, reductionist reading in terms (Doyle, 2006). This flaw should be changed by invoice for the fragments and recognizing that neither the audience nor the media texts themselves are homogeneous. More complex, specific, and contingent way of sentiment about crime is needed when thinking about how it is represented in the media (Doyle, 2006).In order to explore effects or influences has been to move remote from the construct of a homogenous audience and look directly at the repercussions of representations of crime in the news media in particular political and institutional contexts (Doyle, 2006). Specific media coverage could provide some insight into how the media actually influences the criminal justice system and the public. Political consequences should be considered when looking at influences and effects. It could prove to be easier to analyze effects directly on political events and other institutional contexts. Case studies should be used to show the political effects on political episodes of media coverage in a more specific, localise way (Doyle, 2006). For example, in New York, police and politicians used the media to manufacture a crime wave which served their own ends by resulting in more police resources and tougher laws. Analyzing more direct political and institutional effects of crime and the average represent an advance (Doyle, 2006). It offers perhaps the best way of approaching the scruple of how news-media coverage contributes to the politics of law and order (Doyle, 2006). It also opens up more questions about the place of crime stories in the lives of individuals, questions that cannot effectively be answered by the fear of crime topics (Doyle, 2006).Lastly, researchers should give more attention to the very substantial interplay between crime news and crime fiction (Doyle, 2006). Most researchers only consider one subject, even though there is often similar and intersecting public concern. T hese common approaches ignore the fact that these two aspects could be intertwined. Both news and entertainment media texts interact, shape and are shaped by frames of meaning about crime and punishment (Doyle, 2006). Sometimes fictional television shows take their stories from news headlines. These shows incorporate the story of real life and when seen by the public it is often interpreted in that context. Both of these factors seem to be interpreted together by the public as a package. Since these items are absorbed together and not separately from each other, they should also be studied as such.There have been lots of efforts and difficulty to try and isolate and measure influences of the media on crime. For example, many critics have come forward questioning whether or not the media actually influences the fear of crime. It has been widely criticized for the way it operationalizes key concepts, like simply counting the number of hours people watch television and contrasting the attitudes of high viewers and low viewers (Doyle, 2006). Other factors need to be taken into account in order to make sure there is an actual relationship. For example, while it could be suggested that watching lots of television causes fear of crime, it could be that those who are fearful of crime tend to watch lots of television (Doyle, 2006). It is not clear which factor causes the other. While lots of research has been done to try and figure out which way the causation goes, it is more likely that fear and media consumption reinforce each other (Doyle, 2006).In an effort to isolate causality in the media more control has been imposed through the creation of experimental situations (Doyle, 2006). This has mostly been used in violent behavior and television violence relation studies. One key problem with this study is external validity it becomes difficult to attempt how the artificial environment generalizes to the outside world (Doyle, 2006).There is much debate as to whether or not media actually influences crime and criminal behavior. While some researchers contend that the effect of media influence is significant, others claim it is weak, if not nonexistent. Even if we are not influenced by them as strongly as some believe, they are still all around us. Crime is ever present while the lines between reality and the media traverse to be blurred. No matter what one believes, one thing is for sure we are and will continue to be bombarded with media images.

Analysis of Stings by Sylvia Plath :: Stings Essays

In lines 51-60 of Stings, imagery, allusion, and antithesis are employed by the author, Sylvia Plath, to develop her attitude towards men. In this section of Stings, Plath uses the queen bee as a symbol of herself -- a fiery, angry, unforgiving daughter who examines up in spite of the man (her husband Ted) draw in lines 38-50. Because much of Plaths work is confessional poetry, it can be canvass not scarce by her use of poetic devices but by her personal history as well. This poem was written on 21 May 1962, the day after a weekend visit by some friends of the family, the Wevils. Sylvia sensed an attraction between her husband Ted and Assia Wevil, which may incur provided the motivation for much of Stings. Lines in this section of the poem, especially lines 51-52 (They thought decease was worth it, but I / Have a self to recover, a queen) indicate Sylvias desire to assert her independence, not only from Ted but from all the other fe virile bees, who die when they cleave -- sti ng in this case meaning sacrificing themselves for men. From this standpoint, Stings can be seen as a feminist work as well as an anti-Ted poem. In lines 51-60, Plath uses some(prenominal) poetic devices to hold this feminist theme and the anti-Ted theme. Lines 55-58 state With her lion- going body / her fly of glass / Now she is flying / More terrible than she ever was, red / Scar in the sky, red comet. In these lines, her feminist attitude is revealed in large part by color imagery. Red is used in lines 55, 57, and 58 to express her independent lust, strength and power (archetypally, red symbolizes male strength, ex. Mars as the red planet). The lion-red queen uphill from all of the prole bees echoes the lines 82-84 of Lady Lazarus, in which Plath alludes to the Phoenix Out of the ash / I rise with my red hair / And I eat men like air. Her allusion to the emerging lion-red body in line 55 accomplishes the said(prenominal) purpose. However, in the same line, Plath uses antithes is to assert her femininity as well -- wings of glass seemsto express her delicate nature in contrast with the power of the lion. The final lines, lines 59 and 60, of the poem reveal more of her contempt towards Ted.

Valuation of Supersize me Essay examples -- Morgan Spurlock Super Size

Evaluation of Super size of it MeAmericans be risque and growing fatter with each passing day. One does not have to do look far to see how fat we be. Take a mall to the supermarket, college campuses, offices, playgrounds, fast food for thought restaurants, or malls and see the evidence of fat America. What is do this epidemic of obesity? There atomic number 18 a plethora of reasons including overeating, insufficiency of exercise, fast food, processed food, dieting, and sedentary lifestyles. Morgan Spurlock of New York City decided to fishing tackle unrivalled aspect of this problem with his idea of studying the McDonalds path by limiting his intake of food for one month to hardly McDonalds and filming this adventure. The result is the movie Super Size Me. Spurlock finds that the McDonalds way is a super highway to fat city. Mr. Spurlock followed three rules as during this journey he could only eat what was available over the counter, including water, no super sizing unle ss it was offered, and he had to eat and try every full point at least once. But before Spurlock hit the roads passim the United States interviewing Surgeon Generals to gym teachers, cooks to kids, and lawmakers to legislators, all in 20 cities (including Houston which is cognise as the fattest city in America) he went to numerous doctors and nutritionists and every one told him that he was in shape and in good health. While do the film, Spurlock consumed in 30 days as much McDonalds as most nutritionists would advise to have in 8 years. He revealed to the American public the truth about fast food. Something legion(predicate) already knew, however found it easier to avoid the fattening truth. Today 1 in 4 Americans visit a fast food restaurant on a daily basis. About 95% of the commercials that children see are for foods filled with sugars and fats. Children are bombarded with images of fast food by media advertising. Most Americans understand the marketing dodging of McDonal ds -- appealing to the young. From an early age children are lured into McDonalds by promotions of toys, actions figures, palatable food packaged into Happy Meals, and small on site playgrounds. The food is fast, comparatively cheap, and hot. In the film Spurlock interviewed a family in front of the smock House and asked them to recite the Pledge of the Allegiance. After they wearily recited it, the family was asked about their memories of McDonalds. Their faces lit... ...e are those folks that will eat there every day let alone numerous times a week. In 1972, we spent 3 billion a year on fast food - at present we spend more than 110 billion. Ironically Americans spend all kinds of gold trying to lose load each year, but guide to slim down on exercise, eating healthy, and cutting out fast food. Overweight Americans need to empower themselves and stop talking about being fat, and get lamentable on some simple solutions like eating less and piteous more. After this movie was shown at a film festival McDonalds halt super sizing 6 weeks later and introduced the Go Active meal. The results on Spurlock may have been extraordinary on how quickly he gained weight and how his body and health were slowly deteriorating, but this shows why so many Americans are overweight and the way they are. Everything, even the little healthy options are jam packed with sugars and calories. This might also explain why 60% of the population is overweight or obese. Super Size Me. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. Perf. Morgan Spurlock. 2004. DVD. Samuel Goldwin Films, 2004. Super Size Me by the Pound. Super Size Me A Film of heroic poem Proportions. 8 Mar. 2004. .

Democracy in the novel Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Democracy in the novel Lord of the move M.E. Sullivan said, Democracy is only as successful as the people who attain it work, proves itself in the novel Lord of the Flies. I agree with this statement because, if on that point are to many people opposing one thing in that respect will be war. The boys in this book struggled back and forth move to establish a stable g overnment. Democracy was forming in the classify but, authoritarianism was quickly sneaking up behind.Democracy was an essential thing for the boys to decease on the island. Ralph tried to form a egalitarian nation from the bloodline using the conch as a symbol. Everyone listened when the conch was blown. The system was working but after(prenominal) a couple months people started to get different bringing close togethers of ruling. Jack, who was basically the attracter of the to a lower placeworld tried to replace democracy with a strong dictatorship. Since the idea of a new type of government, demo cracy was losing power quickly.Jack and his chase tried to bring down the democracy quickly because he or they wanted to be ruler. Jack did not want to be command by someone less superior than him. Jack and his group stop obeying Ralphs orders, and also they stopped going to the meetings when the conch was sounded. Jack started a lawlessness against Ralph. Since the rebellion most of the kids joined Jack, and some stayed with Ralph. Two tribes were formed the democratic and the dictatorship tribes.Once the tribes formed, democracy was abolished. Jack didnt have everyone under his rule so, he was still unhappy. To get the children of the island to follow him, he went to the intent of murder. Simon and Piggy were victims of two different governments colliding together. After the death of Simon and Piggy, Ralph was alone. The democratic group was finally gone. The dictators had taken over. In conclusion, democracy in this novel was over thrown by a dictatorship.

The Garden Party :: Free Essays

Looking at the plot in a garden callerThe Sheridan family is arranging a Garden Party a beautiful sunny day. In the poorer neighbourhood across the street, a unexampled man gets killed in an accident. When the young girl Laura hears about this, she wants the garden company cancelled to state some respect for the exposed family. Laura speaks with her sister and her arrive about cancelling the party, but she is not taken seriously by them. Laura is hurtle into rather tough situation, when both her mother and sister opposes her. She tries to consult with her jolly older brother, but he draws the attention from the accident to Lauras new enthral hat. She is greatly flattered. Laura tries to repress the accident, by saying to herself that she would think of it after the party. She tries to honor herself, but you can sense that she enjoyed herself with a rather bad conscious, likely thinking, What have I done? Why didnt I stop the party? What will the family of the killed man thi nk?After the party there atomic number 18 some leftovers. Mrs Sheridan suggests that they can bankrupt the exposed family some food to show some sympathy. Laura isnt sure if this is the right thing to do, but she gets the task to give the basket filled with sandwiches to the poor family. Laura isnt certain if the poor family will respect the gift. When walking to the house, she is afraid of their reaction. This isnt something she is used to do. She hasnt been in touch with people in poverty before. What will they think? A well dressed speed class girl, coming to their house and thinks that a basket of sandwiches will regenerate a d.o.a. husband? But she continues her walk to the house. She meets with the young widow, and her dead husband. Laura looks at the young man and understands that he didnt care about the garden party or the load music that it caused.

How Should America Handle Illegal Immigration? Essay -- American Histo

200 forms agone the very first immigrants arrived on American soil. The joined States grounded itself upon the sentiment of immigrants but a great debate of how immigration policies will guide on effect goes on still today. The controversy how should the United States and Mexico handle sanctioned and illegal immigration? More and more immigrants arrive illegally in search for a better life sentence. In just the last fifteen years, a tremendous increase of illegal immigrants came to the United States. They believe 700,000 per year (Nadadur 1040). An estimated of 11.9 million in total (Galston Pickus and Skerry 89). Many Americans feel the opposite, as if the American Dream will be lost in the equaliser with so many immigrants. Both points of views increase to the intensity of the controversy. The United States will evermore stand tall, known as a nation formed by immigrants journeying towards a better life. The question how does this great nation balance the reality with the n eed to uphold freedom of choice and national bump of law?Many intelligent and ambitious people have the passion to bring their talents and gifts to America. Rarely does a country offer the privileges that the United States offers. Whether it is towards breeding or work the opportunities are limitless. We as Americans have the freedom to contain and to make the best of our future. Only in America where we can intake of being a nobody but eventually we can obtain a somebody. Over the history of the United States we have seen such(prenominal) examples. Hakeem Olajuwon was born January 21, 1963 in Nigeria. Nicknamed, The Dream, Olajuwon led the Rockets to the NBA championship in 1994 and 1995, and was voted the confederacys most valuable player for the 1993-94 season. The Dream became an Ame... ...disastrous, and hugely expensive in human terms. Neighborhoods would be torn apart, families would be separated, and a rising and sorry chapter in American race relations would be p en (90) The American people just like the Mexican people adjure forward in the journey of happiness and continue to search for a better quality of life. The constitution of the United States of America states, We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and arrest the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. With ethical motive and standards like these guiding the United States, a better quality of life and happiness will be found by both the American and Mexican people.

Photography and Art Essay -- Technology Essays

Photography and Art In the United States today, technology is all-important(prenominal) to a great deal of the population, whether it is a means of communication or an aid for national security. Technological devices and terminology are ubiquitous and moderate become a part of everyday life. On the road, many drivers stick out be found talking and chattering away into their cell phones. At business meetings, many executives leave behind present presentations in PowerPoint, while others will jot down notes in their Personal Digital Assistants, or PDAs. some batch have their own websites on the Internet, and even more people communicate through electronic mail. Tourists can be found snapping shots of landscapes and buildings with digital cameras or recording the scenery with digital camcorders. There is no complete to the number of examples of how technology has touched our lives.This essay will delineate the ontogeny of the digital camera and digital art as a theatrical of the digital world, since the digital world is much too large of a subject to encompass in one essay. Two influences on the ontogenesis of digital photography and art are late-Victorian construction of the machinery of information nerve and Modernist visual forms. However, it is not sufficient to stop with these two forces, for advanced digital programs have also played a key role in the shaping of digital photography and art.Within the context of the current scientific age, digital photography has been developed, modified, and brought into the lives of everyday people. In some shape or form, photography has importance to everyone. At its simplest level, photography allows people to remember their pasts and to look at experiences with others. To some, it is way to see ... ...6. Further Developments. <http//encyclopedia.com/html/section/photogrph_FurtherDevelopments.asp7. Hoy, Anne H. Fabrications Staged, Altered, and Appropriated Photographs. unfermented York Abbeville Press, 1987 .8. Manovich, Lec. New Media from Borges to HTML, 2001. <http//manovich.net/DOCS/manovich_new_media.doc 9. Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics, Book IV, 1890. <http//www.socsci.mcmaster.ca/%7Eecon/ugcm/3ll3/marshall/prin/prinbk410. Stevens, Harold. Design in Photo-Collage. New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1967.11. The come to of Early Photography. <http//encyclopedia.com/html/section/photogrph_TheImpactofEarlyPhotography.asp12. The Invention of Photography. <http//encyclopedia.com/html/section/photogrph_TheInventionofPhotography.asp13. Venn, John. On The Forms of Logical Proposition. 1880.

The Common Man’s Role in the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on Am

If you live in the United States, you plausibly are aware of the the Statesn Revolution. Most educated adults in the States can name at least on hero of pre-Revolutionary America such as Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere and Thomas Jefferson . just right away to what extent did these few men, credited with our freedom, actually participate in events that caterpillar tread up to the revolution? How many countless men remained unnamed and forgotten despite the work they put into the Revolution? These men have frequently been overlooked in textbooks, despite the fact about of the freedoms we have now are derived from their brave actions. But why did these men get the wheels of a revolution turning? What was the reason they had for their actions, the very cardinals that led America and cracking Britain to begin a fight not only for freedom, but for life, indecorousness and the pursuit of happiness? The Boston Tea Party is one of the most explosive and dynamic exa mples of what affect the common man held on the trail to the Revolution. The Tea Party itself was organized by some of the more known officials such as John Hancock, but would have had little effect without the men who actually participated in tossing of 90,000 pounds of tea. George Hewes, a prime example of the second-rate mans affect on the war, had this to say about that contraband night The Commander of the division to which I belonged, as soon as soon as we were on board the ship, appointed me to boatswain, and lucid me to go to the captain and beg of him the keys to the hatches and a dozen candles. I made the demand accordingly, and the captain promptly replied, and delivered the articles but requested me at the same duration to do no damage to the ship or the rigging. We then were ordered to ... ...ned Stamp Act he stated that he, neer saw one of those Stamps and that he was certain I never paid a penny for one of them. So with so much attention being paid t o Thomas Paine and his Common sense and John Hancocks large than life signature, what was the reason for our revolution? While that question may never be answered, there are always the eternal words of Levi Preston, what we basalt in going in for those redcoats was this we always had governed ourselves and we always mean to. That didnt mean we should Works CitedWilliam Graebner and Leonard Richards. The American Record Images of our Nations Past. McGraw-Hilll 5 edition. may 27, 2005Benjamin Woods Labaree. The Boston Tea Party. Northeastern December 31, 1979George Browm Tindall, David Emory Shi. American History 5th Brief edition, W. W. Norton & Company November 1999

Beauty Veiled :: Personal Narrative Essays

Hot and sticky, on an early September afternoon, I was sitting lazily in traffic waiting for the light on Pensacola and Jefferson to turn green. With the medication blaring, windows down, and a line of sweat slowly trickling down the back of my neck, my look were drawn to a group of large number chatting in a wipe out parking lot to my right. Behind them lay an old building into which the people were slowly making their way. It wasnt the building that held my attention it was the women in front of it. They were overly fully dressed for the sweltering September afternoon, wearing long sleeved dresses and most with s machineves covering their heads. All I could see of their bodies was the skin of their faces and hands. As the light turned green, I slowly inched forward hardly able-bodied to tear my eyes away from the women. I couldnt help but be intrigued as to why they would be dressed in such a manner at this time of year. As I rolled forward, my railway car came to a stop in f ront of a midget sign, create verbally first in green Arabic lettering and then in English Al-Ansar Mosque The Islamic Center of Tallahassee. Later in the week near the same time of day, I returned once again to the mosque, curious astir(predicate) the small building and hoping to grab another glimpse of the women. Stealthily, I spied from my car in a parking lot across the street from the mosque. sequence I waited, I again noticed how small the building seemed from my vantage point. So small, in fact, that I couldnt help but wonder how whatever more then twenty or thirty people could discipline within its walls. The paint was a dirty eggshell color, with what looked like rust fungus or dirt streaked in various spots on the walls. Some of the green shutters, surrounded by and Arabic-like design, were broken, and one of them was hanging willy-nilly from its hinges. A window was smashed and there was an illegible scrawl of graffito on the left side of the building. Not unac companied was the building small and run down, but the parking lot was as well. There were only a few spaces, enough to hold about ten iron out cars, and small rocks and a few potholes were scattered across the lot. It looked as if it was in need of a new repaving.

Corrymeela, a Community of Forgiveness :: Christianity Religion Religious Essays

Corrymeela, a participation of ForgivenessCorrymeela is a dispersed Christian community of rapprochement. in that respect are 180 members, Catholic and Protestant, who commit themselves to search together for the path of peace, as they discover what it means to follow in the footsteps of Jesus.In whole our work, Corrymeela seeks to establish a safe place where people feel original and valued. During a stay at Corrymeela, a person is invited to become kick downstairs of a community that transcends the divisions, which are so powerful in such(prenominal) of life in Federal Ireland. In a secure atmosphere, in that location is an opportunity to grow in understanding as we listen to whiz anothers life experiences. We dress that listening to others, and telling our report card is a way of growing closer together, and of discovering the vulnerability and humanity of the other. We find that such an experience can face a person with unfermented choices for their future, as prejud ices are uncovered, misunderstandings corrected, and fear is replaced by trust. Timothy Kinahan, A to a greater extent Excellent Way A Vision for Northern Ireland IntroductionMy mystic interest in Northern Ireland is from an un fill outn source. In part, I know that I was deeply affected by the stories of both frustration and reconciliation that my friend, Jenny, told me after her return from a pass volunteering at the Corrymeela Community. However, Jennys parents are from Ireland, her roots are there. Perhaps my heart is there for a reason that will soon be revealed. I am homework on completing my Field Education in Northern Ireland future(a) summer and would like for six of the ten intensive weeks to be dog-tired at the Corrymeela Community near B each(prenominal)ycastle, on the Antrim Coast (see a occasion of the area, below). I spent four amazing days in Northern Ireland last summer, talking with some of the key players in the ecumenical execution while planning for my Fi eld Education program. I intercommunicate with Trevor Anderson, the coach of Corrymeela at their office in Belfast, I spoke with Johnson McMaster, the Director of the Irish School of Ecumenics who offered to be my mentor next summer. I also spoke with David Stevens, the Secretary for the Irish Council of Churches, and this is only listing a fewThe Corrymeela Community that is located on the Antrim Coast is a retreat center which hosts groups and conferences from all over Northern Ireland and the world. Most of the year is spent with different types of groups, including youth, and the summer is spent hosting families who have been affected by the Troubles either financially, by violence, or both.

Futility in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting For Go

Beckett explores the composition of futility in an attempt to leave the interview with questions about the meaning of life. The techniques and ways in which he does this vary in relation to the scene but he relies heavily on the lend oneself of philosophical and emotive language and a shocking way to intellectually and emotionally engage the reference. All characters that Beckett features in his play ar apply as literary constructs in creating the tone and setting in which to contrive and examine the prow of futility. The theme of futility is linked to the philosophy of Nihilism and grounded in the belief that our universe is stochastic, and therefore structure-less. If life has no structure or coherent meaning it can ultimately be seen as futile. Beckett explores the theme of futility throughout the text in numerous ways. The theme of futility is immediately brought to the avant-garde in the beginning of the scene through stage directions concerning Estragons struggle wi th his boot. Diction such as he gives up, tries again as before immediately set the tone of the futility of both his actions and the situation. This is further reflected in the setting of the play and the apparent bareness of their surroundings. The theme of futility is further reflected in the cyclical nature of the dialogue in the sense that nothing appears to stir and everything is simply repeated, their conversation never reached a definitive conclusion they are ultimately still waiting for Godot and longing for answers. The concept of time is apply very successfully by Beckett in order to highlight and vex the theme of futility in Waiting for Godot. Time can be seen as a very fluid concept in the sense that the audience is never made aware of how l... ...above. Whilst numerous techniques are employed in order to develop and influence the audiences understanding and perception of themes he deems meaning(a) perhaps the most significant tool, which Beckett utilizes, is the motifs and certain characterization. The play can be considered highly minimalist and therefore the dynamics that exist between the characters are essential in order to demonstrate and explore the theme of futility. Ultimately, the theme of futility and the effect it has on relationships and attitudes can be considered the most significant and wide explored by Beckett. Conclusively, futility is greatly involved in the play and Beckett explores it through methods I have explored in this essay. Works CitedBeckett, Samuel. Waiting For Godot. 3rd ed. N.p. CPI Group, 2006. Print. Vol. 1 of Samuel Beckett The Complete Dramatic Works. 4 vols

Genetics Engineering :: essays research papers

Genetics EngineeringHollywood has been showing it to us for years. Frankenstein, The SixMillion Dollar Man, Jurassic Park, and so on the list goes on. All these movies showmans instinct to create. This fiction of playing god in recent years isbecoming a reality.In 1952, deoxyribonucleic stifling was discovered(Dewitt, 1994). The spiralstaircase molecule, desoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the building block of life. This block holdsthe enactment for every aspect of any life on the planet Earth. DNA decides whetherone life depart be a plant or rhinoceros. DNA also carries the information thattells how smart, creative, bossy, shy, athletic, or any other interpretation youcan think of. The secret code of DNA would prove to be invalu subject. This isthe reason the Human Genome Project has been started. Scientist around the worldare utilise super computers to crack the code. This 15 year project is predictedto end by the year 2005(Dewitt, 1994). That is only 10 years from now. What do esthat mean to the average Joe?Well, straight off we already live with genetically engineered items. The FDAhas approved bioengineered tomatoes that ripen without rotting(Dewitt, 1994).Entire herds of cows are now being injected with a growth hormone(BST) so thatthey will produce more milk than ordinary cattle(Dewitt, 1994). Also drought impedance grass that needs no moving.Scientists will in brief be able to collect DNA from endangered species.This DNA could be used to ringer more condors, bald eagle, mountain gorillas, andmany other animals. Totally nonexistent animals may be recreated as well, i.e.Jurassic Park. Imagine having your own fogy bird or pet triceratops.Many types of diseases will be cured. average take out the gene that givingyou the problem. Pure panacea. As soon as a baby is born his or hers parentswill agnise everything about him or her. If they will be artistic. Will she get booby cancer? Will he be tall or piffling? Is he a genius. Ten years from 2005,th ese questions wont even have to be asked. Made to order babies.Made to order babies?? Is this where we are headed? Its only a matterof time before a presidents hair clippings are move up at a barbershop andthen used to detect what diseases he has or is susceptible to. The rich may oneday be able to obtain immortality by cloning themselves. I couldnt picture triplet Donald Trumps all thinking the same.There is even a darker side to this. Governments may decide to createsuper soldiers. Killing machines with top physical and intellectual prowess. This wasthe dream of Adolf Hitler himself.

A preliminary assessment of the Survey of the Gaelic :: Scottish Gaelic dialectology

Scottish Celtic emphasisology A preliminary assessment of the Survey of the GaelicDialects of ScotlandBetween 1994 and 1997, the put down questionnaires of the Survey of theGaelic Dialects of Scotland were published as a five-volume series (O Dochartaigh 1994-97), faceing peg phonetic transcriptions of over 200 speakers responding to a fortypagequestionnaire. This publication marks the coming of a project of nearly fiftyyears duration the main body of the interviews took place between 1950 and 1970across much of the Scottish mainland as well as the Western Isles. In many cases, someof the in truth last Gaelic speakers in a particular region were interviewed, and we thereof havetranscribed materialand some audio recordingsof dialects that are at a time practicallyextinct. Naturally, the historic quality of these transcribed and audio records rendersthem all the much valuable for close study.This paper will assess the current responsibility of Scottish Gaelic dialect study, w ith aparticular focus on the Surveys current and future contributions. Designed in 1950 byKenneth Jackson to elicit data in spurting phonetic and phonological questions of some(prenominal)regional and historical interest, the original Survey focused on orthoepy variation,providing limited information on morphology (although see especially OMaolalaigh1999), and virtually none on syntactic variation or lexical choice. With thepublication of the Surveys raw data in the form of unanalyzed narrow transcriptions, itis appropriate now to ascertain what we can produce from the published material.However, in the approximately 50 years since the fieldpiece of work for the Survey wasbegun, methods, goals, and principles of dialect study have changed dramatically (cf.Kretzschmar 1996) furthermore, advances in media technologies have enabled linguiststo analyze and to present data in compelling new ways (cf. Kretzschmar & Konopka1996). In new years there has been an important move towards a d iscipline-wideagreement on best practices for dialect study, language data management, and thepresentation of data and psycho abstract (cf. Methods XI Conference on Methods inDialectology, August 2002, Joensuu, Finland the E-MELD website and affiliated workthe Linguistic Data Archiving Project at CNRS, etc). The presentation will arguewith a discussion of desiderata for Scottish Gaelic dialect study, and for the presentationand analysis of Gaelic dialect data.